Padrão alimentar materno: caracterização e associação com ganho de peso gestacional e com o estado nutricional do recém-nascido.

Abstract

Introduction: Gestational dietary patterns can have a strong impact on the health of both mother and newborn. Systematic review conducted in this master's degree evaluated eight articles (n = 173 to 5733) and identified that patterns with ultra-processed components, rich in fat or sugars were associated with increased gestational weight gain (GWG) and the consumption of healthy and traditional patterns was related to better outcomes, such as adequate GWG, full term birth, and adequate birth weight. Aim: Characterize the gestational dietary pattern of postpartum women and evaluate their associations with GWG and nutritional status of the newborn. Methods: Cross-sectional study which evaluated socioeconomic data, prenatal and parturition information (gestational age, date, type of delivery), newborn data (gender, weight, length and head circumference at birth), maternal anthropometry (pre-gestational weight, height and GWG) and maternal food intake data for the gestational period (food frequency questionnaire). Dietary patterns were a posteriori-derived by principal component analysis. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, logistic regression and multinomial regression were applied, with adjustments for confounders. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 19.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Results: 260 women were evaluated, with a higher prevalence of multiparous (64.1%), married women (63.3%), with high school level of education (65.6%) and inadequate GWG (38.2%). Four dietary patterns were derived: “pattern 1” (19.22%), characterized by the consumption of meat and eggs, processed meats, cereals and breads, salt-preserved preserved meat and canned fish, tubers, leaves, vegetables and olive oil; “pattern 2” (10.96%), consisting of milk and dairy products, sweets, snacks and cookies, cereals and breads; “pattern 3” (10.03%) which includes processed meats, cereals and bread, coffee and tea, salt-preserved meat and canned fish and ultra-processed fats and “pattern 4” (8.95%) characterized by sugary drinks, tubers and instant noodles. Women who had greater adherence to pattern 3 were more likely to have children with inadequate birth weight (OR 9.19; 95% CI 1.04-81.06; p = 0.046; adjusted for socioeconomic factors and pre-gestational BMI). Women who had greater adherence to pattern 2 were less likely to have inadequate GWG (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.03-0.60; p = 0.008). There was no association with the other tested variables. Conclusion: Four dietary patterns were identified among the study participants, with a predominance of ultra-processed foods. Two patterns were associated with GWG and birth weight, denoting the influence of diet during this period. The findings highlight the need for public health policies on food and nutrition aimed at the gestational phase in order to provide better outcomes in maternal and child health.