Prevenção de lesões de isquiossurais no futebol: revisão de literatura

Abstract

Introduction: Soccer is the most popular sport in the world. During training and games, there is a high risk of injury, especially among professional athletes. Hamstring injuries (IS) were the most common. Studies have shown that during the last seasons of the Brazilian Championship (CB), a high rate of injuries was identified. Sports injuries are phenomena that depend on complex interactions. Some factors seem to be associated with the occurrence of IS injuries, namely: the difference in IS strength compared to the contralateral IS, the alteration between the proportion of IS and ipsilateral quadriceps strength, the athlete's sporting gesture, extrinsic factors, and previous injuries. Therefore, the objective of this study is to carry out a literature review in order to identify the effectiveness of the interventions used in the prevention or reduction of the severity of IS injuries in soccer players. Methods: A literature review was carried out, from January to July 2022, in the PubMed, BVSalud and PEDro databases. The selected articles were published from 2012 to 2022, with no language restriction. As a search strategy for the articles, the combination of the terms prevention AND injuries AND soccer AND hamstring was used. The inclusion criteria for this study were randomized clinical trials (RCTs), published in the last ten years, with no language restriction, in amateur soccer players, from base and/or professional categories, male and/or female, with or without injury history, who added specific exercises to the players' usual training, and who analyzed injury numbers and/or IS injury numbers per hour of exposure. The analyzed outcomes of the selected studies were the number of injuries, the hours of exposure (training and games) and the time away from the athletes. Results: A total of 57 articles were found. For data analysis, 5 articles were included. The general mean age of this study was 22.74 years in the intervention group (IG) and 21.85 years in the control group (CG). The studies performed the training for 26.2 weeks on average. The compliance rate averaged 74.4%. In all, data from 1337 male soccer players were analyzed. The total number of injuries identified in the present study was 131. The mean time away from the IG in the ENI studies was 10.2 days for the IG and 28.65 days for the CG. The BEP study showed an average of 36 days in the IG and 22 days in the CG. Discussion: Only 5 articles were found available in full so that they could be analyzed. This low number of studies limited the current study in identifying possible exercises that could reduce the incidence and severity of injuries in soccer. Another limiting factor that appeared in this study was the fact that all included articles analyzed only male athletes. The duration of the studies averaged 26.2 weeks and compliance was inversely proportional to time. The increased exposure time of the groups was not the reason for the increase in IS injuries when comparing the studies. The intensity to which these athletes were exposed was not reported in the studies. The number of injuries presented by the ENI studies showed a statistically significant value and the athletes who were not submitted to the treatment were 3.36 times more likely to injure. When analyzing the severity of the injuries, the IG came back about 2.81 times faster after the injury than the CG. ENI was the only one that presented significant statistical data Conclusion: The search for improvements in the health and performance of athletes is necessary. This study showed that the ENI was effective in preventing injuries to athletes and reducing the severity of these injuries. Further studies are still needed.