Abstract �e current knowledge on the accretionary evolution of the Borborema Province is evaluated considering recently published data and inter- pretations. Early to late Neoproterozoic eclogite, ophiolite, and magmatic arc remnants have been documented and point to oceanic crust consumption. Isotopic contrasts as well as geophysical anomalies across the major domain boundaries are suggestive of collisional sutures and a speculative model of terrane accretion is presented here. On the other hand, the lack of concise evidence for some of the proposed deep-seated structures as well as putative lithospheric continuity in both sides of it suggest reworking of previously continuous lithosphere through intracontinental deformation in localized sectors of the province interior. It is patent that one model does not preclude the other and available evidence so far has triggered the emergence of conciliatory proposals for the Neoporterozoic history the Borborema Province. KEYWORDS: accretion tectonics; Neoproterozoic terrane assembly; Borborema Province. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889202120200104 ARTICLE INTRODUCTION �e lack of consensus on how Earth dynamics have oper- ated through time feeds warm debates in the scienti�c com- munity. Famous unresolved issues include models for granitic emplacement in the crust (Cruden and Weinberg 2018), the nature of the Archean tectonics (Van Hunen and Moyen 2012), the role of mantle plumes (French and Romanowicz 2015), and the di�erent modes of subduction as a consequence of secular mantle cooling (Brown and Johnson 2019). �e same is true for the Neoproterozoic orogens of South America. For instance, multiple collision models have been proposed for the Ribeira Orogen in SE Brazil (e.g. Heilbron et al. 2008), but despite the tight geological, geochemical, and geochronological constraints provided in these models, recent studies have returned to pre-1990’s proposals of intracontinen- tal se�ings (e.g. Meira et al. 2019). �e Borborema Province (BP; NE Brazil), like other Neoproterozoic orogenic areas of Brazil, is part of the large system proposed by Almeida et al. (1981), built-up through convergence of the São Francisco- Congo and São Luis-West African paleocontinents during the Brasiliano Orogeny (ca. 630–-530 Ga; Brito Neves et al. 2014, Caxito et al. 2020a). Terrane accretion models (sensu Coney et al. 1980) have been proposed to explain strong geological and geophysical contrasts between major shear zone-bounded domains (e.g. Santos and Medeiros 1999, Brito Neves et al. 2000), whereas intracontinental mechanisms were proposed to explain the lack of contrast between some of these domains (Neves 2003). New alternatives proposing both the acting of typical mod- ern-style plate tectonics processes and reworking of older base- ment blocks in the interior of the province have emerged (e.g. Oliveira et al. 2010, Ganade de Araújo et al. 2014a, Caxito et al. 2016, 2020a) reinforcing some aspects of previous models and highlighting problems that have not yet been detected or dis- cussed. �e goal of this contribution is to present an update of ideas mainly related to the accretionary model since the seminal work of Santos (1996) and future perspectives for the evolutionary dynamics of the BP. GEOLOGICAL SETTING �e BP corresponds to the Neoproterozoic northeastern portion of the South American Platform. It comprises a series of crustal blocks bounded by thrust- and strike-slip shear zones, that led Van Schmus et al. (1995) to divide it in northern, cen- tral, and southern subprovinces. In West Gondwana recon- structions, the province represents the easternmost segment of the Brasiliano orogens that were connected to Pan-African orogenic belts (Caxito et al. 2020a and references therein) along Nigeria, Cameroon, Togo, and Benin (Fig. 1). Following the former subdivisions of the province (Santos 1996, Brito Neves et al. 2000), in a simpli�ed way, the north- ern subprovince is divided into Médio Coreaú, Ceará Central, Orós-Jaguaribe, and Rio Grande do Norte domains, whereas the Central Subprovince is divided into the sigmoidal-shaped São Pedro, Piancó-Alto Brigída, Alto Pajeú, Alto Moxotó, and Rio Capibaribe terranes. �e Pernambuco-Alagoas domain is a relatively stable block, interpreted as the result of several Accretionary models for the Neoproterozoic evolution of the Borborema Province: advances and open questions Lauro Cézar Montefalco de Lira Santos1* , Fabricio Caxito2 Brazilian Journal of Geology BJGEO © 2021 �e authors. �is is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license. 1Departamento de Geologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco – Recife (PE), Brazil. E-mail: lauro.lsantos@ufpe.br 2Centro de Pesquisas Professor Manoel Teixeira da Costa, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil. E-mail: caxito@ufmg.br *Corresponding author. 1 terrane collision episodes during the Paleoproterozoic and early Neoproterozoic (Silva Filho et al. 2016, Brito Neves and Silva Filho 2019), and together with the Sergipano, Riacho do Pontal, and Rio Preto belts, comprises the southern sub- province framework. Due to episodes of deformation, metamorphism, and mag- matism spanning the entire Precambrian, the geological se�ings of the Boborema Province are variable and complex. It pres- ents a series of Archean (ca. 3.75–2.7 Ga; Dantas et al. 2013, Ganade de Araújo et al. 2017, Santos et al. 2017a, Lima et al. 2019) and Paleoproterozoic blocks/terranes (ca. 2.2–2.0 Ga; Hollanda et al. 2011, Caxito et al. 2015, Santos L.C.M.L. et al. 2013, 2015) mostly bounded by Neoproterozoic metavolca- nosedimentary domains generated during the Cariris Velhos (ca. 1,000–920 Ma) and Brasiliano (ca. 630–500 Ma) events (Brito Neves et al. 2000, Santos et al. 2010). �e vast network of shear zones is one of the most remark- able features of the BP, representing deformation stages in vari- able crustal levels (Archanjo et al. 2008, Viegas et al. 2014), including deep-seated structures with characteristic geo- physical signatures, such as the lithospheric Transbrasiliano suture (Cordani et al. 2013, Oliveira and Medeiros 2018). Late Neoproterozoic plutonism is widespread and comprises the whole-spectrum of subduction-related magmas, involv- ing normal to high-K calc-alkaline granites dated at ca. 640–600 Ma; high-K calc-alkaline and shoshonitic granites dated at 590–580 Ma; post-collision alkaline granites dated at ca. 570 Ma; and anorogenic granites aged at ca. 540–510 Ma (Guimarães et al. 2004, Ganade de Araújo et al. 2014b, Sial and Ferreira 2016, Santos et al. 2020). THE CASE FOR AN ACCRETIONARY MODEL Following the original premises of Howell (1995), which were constantly updated over the years ( Tetreault and Buiter 2014), elements of accretion tectonics necessarily involve the consumption of oceanic crust. Regarding Precambrian orogens, direct evidence for ancient oceans such as ophiolite remnants are rare and susceptible to erosion, reworking, and dismemberment due to later deformation, and in the case of the BP, lateral strike-slip dislocation. It is not rare that the site of ancient oceans is now marked as “dry” suture zones (i.e., whose ophiolitic remnants have been eroded away in upper crustal sections). Nevertheless, other elements might be used as evidence for tectonic juxtaposing of blocks with distinct Figure 1. Pre-dri� reconstruction of the Borborema Province in the West Gondwana context and its correlation with major West African orogenic belts. 2 Braz. J. Geol. (2021), 51(2): e20200104 geological, geophysical, and isotopic characteristics, and to reconstruct the orogenic history of an area (Brito Neves 2019) as in the case of the BP (Figs. 2 and 3). Recent advances in accretionary models for distinct por- tions of the BP are mostly based on petrological-isotopic and geophysical evidence. One of the best constrained areas with evidence for oceanic lithosphere consumption is the Ceará Central Domain of the Northern BP and its limits with the Medio Coreaú domain northern ward. Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism in the Forquilha region in westernmost Ceará Central is constrained by the occurrence of coesite and atoll- type garnet crystals in metama�c rocks, representing a tran- sition from eclogite to amphibolite facies between 640 and 614 Ma (Amaral et al. 2011, 2012, Santos T.J.S. 2015). High- pressure to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism has also been documented on coeval eclogites from Mali and Togo, leading Ganade de Araújo et al. (2014a) to suggest that deep-conti- nental subduction took place in the region. �e Forquilha eclogites occur between the Santa Quitéria magmatic com- plex to the east, that has long been proposed as a Cryogenian- Ediacaran (660–620 Ma) continental arc (Fe�er et al. 2003) and the Transbrasiliano-Kandi megashear zone, that crosses the Brazilian territory from the Pantanal area up to the Hoggar region of the Transaharan orogen in NW Africa in pre-dri� reconstructions (Cordani et al. 2013, Caxito et al. 2020a). �e west-to-east pairing of megashears, eclogite remnants, and a MC: Médio Coreaú; CC: Ceará Central; RGN: Rio Grande do Norte; SP: São Pedro; PAB: Piancó-Alto Brígida; AP: Alto Pajeú; AM: Alto Moxotó; RC: Rio Capibaribe; PEAL: Pernambuco Alagoas; SE: Sergipano; RPO: Riacho do Pontal; RP: Rio Preto; TBL: Transbrasiliano; PaSZ: Patos; PeSZ: Pernambuco. Source: Caxito et al. (2020a). Figure 2. Simpli�ed geological framework of the Borborema Province and adjacent areas. 3 Braz. J. Geol. (2021), 51(2): e20200104 continental arc batholith of similar age in the NW border of the BP is interpreted as the telltale of a collisional suture related to the closure of the Goiás-Pharusian Ocean (Cordani et al. 2013). Dismembered ophiolite and possible ophiolite remnants are distributed in the internal and southern portions of the BP, although highly reworked due to the strong deformation imposed by the late-stage strike-slip corridors. For instance, the Monte Orebe Complex in the Riacho do Pontal Orogen (RPO) comprises an association of metabasaltic and metasedi- mentary rocks, including exhalative rocks and minor metaultra- ma�c bodies, with MORB-like geochemistry and suprachon- dritic ε Nd (t) values of ca. +4.5 (Caxito et al. 2014). �e outcrop region of the Monte Orebe Complex is marked by a paired pos- itive-negative Bouguer anomaly separating two lithospheric blocks of distinct density and composition (Caxito et al. 2014), also revealed by the geochronological and isotopic pa�erns, e.g., the presence of Cariris-Velhos (1,000–920 Ma) related rocks in the internal portion of the RPO that are inexistent in the Gavião block of the São Francisco Craton (Caxito et al. 2014). �e gathered geological, geochemical, geophysical, and geochronological evidence led Caxito et al. (2016) to suggest that this portion of the RPO would be a trustful tes- timony of late Neoproterozoic collision between the blocks composing the BP (upper plate) and the São Francisco paleo- continent (lower plate). Other evidence for Neoproterozoic plate tectonic processes in the BP are more contentious and highly discussed (Lima et al. 2018, Caxito et al. 2020b). For example, the Cariris Velhos belt of the Transversal Zone has been proposed as an accre- tionary orogen, developed in a continental arc se�ing (Santos et al. 2010, 2019), including metavolcanics, metasedimentary, and metaplutonic members. Recently, Fe-Ti-V mineralized metama�c-ultrama�c rocks that occur in the Floresta Region (Alto Pajeú Terrane of the Central Borborema Province) were dated at ca. 1.0 Ga (Lages and Dantas 2016), being submi�ed to granulitic/eclogitic metamorphism during the Brasiliano orogeny, at ca. 625 Ma. An important aspect outlined by these authors is the extremely primitive nature of the original picritic melts, which would be linked to early magmatic accumulation in a suprasubduction zone. In the past years, petrological, geochemical, and isoto- pic evidence is piling up, suggesting that a large number of granitic batholiths and stocks intruded in the BP mainly in the 635– 600 Ma interval could also represent continental arc se�ings (Sial and Ferreira 2016). �e most emblematic example is the ENE-WSW trend, 750 km long and up to 140 km wide Conceição magmatic arc of the Piancó-Alto Brigída Fold Belt in the Central BP (Brito Neves et al. 2014, 2016). About 90 di�erent I-type plutonic bodies cover a large compositional range including “normal” calc-alkaline Figure 3. Timeframe of the main accretionary markers during the Neoproterozoic in the Borborema Province. 4 Braz. J. Geol. (2021), 51(2): e20200104 epidote-bearing, high-K calc alkaline and shoshonitic series, covering the spectrum of continental arc magmatism (Eyuboglu et al. 2011). It is speculated that such arc existed from 635 to 580 Ma, partially ��ing with other Ediacaran subduction-re- lated associations such as those from the Santa Quitéria Complex to the north and the Betânia arc to the south (see Caxito et al. 2020a for detailed comparisons). �e close asso- ciation of the roots of this ancient magmatic arc with the Patos Shear Zone led Brito Neves et al. (2016) to consider this structure as a former boundary transform, thus, mark- ing another paleo-suture zone. Isotopic contrasts, specially using the Sm-Nd method, have also been used to mark di�erent sources in the distinct domains as well as growth or recycling episodes of the crustal pieces of the BP. For instance, dense distribution of Sm-Nd data on a possible terrane boundary is presented by Santos et al. (2018) to mark an early to late Neoproterozoic reworked suture between the Alto Moxotó and Alto Pajeú terranes of the Central BP, that also di�er in a number of aspects such as age, magnetic, and gamma-espectrometic geophysical anomalies (Santos et al. 2017b). A recent and robust work presented by Ferreira et al. (2020), combining U-Pb, Sm-Nd, petrological and geophysical data, demonstrated that the Campo Grande Block (Rio Grande do Norte Domain, northern subprovince) has grown from the Archean until the late Neoproterozoic via successive subduction and collision episodes, marking one of the most long-lived accretionary histories of the West Gondwana orogens. A number of papers discussing the regional geophysical characteristics of the BP represent a new frontier on the over- view of the BP lithospheric evolution. �e approach presented by Oliveira and Medeiros (2018) covered magnetometric and gravimetric data, mostly reinforcing or reinterpreting previously de�ned crustal boundaries with emphasis on the regional Transbrasiliano, Pernambuco, and Patos shear zones. �e alternation of geophysical anomalies between high-den- sity/high-susceptibility with low-density/low-susceptibil- ity deep-rooted crustal subdomains as well as the shear zone signatures are regarded as evidence for terrane amalgamation throughout the BP. �e importance of the inner structures such as (at least part of) the Pernambuco Shear Zone have been also supported by seismic (Lima et al. 2015) and mag- netotelluric pro�les (Padilha et al. 2016) and by Curie Surface studies (Santos et al. 2014, Padilha et al. 2014, Correa et al. 2016), supporting amalgamation of distinct blocks, probably through accretion/collision of terranes. Considering the exposed evidence based on previous lit- erature data, it is possible to speculate how accretion events took place in this part of West Gondwana. Assembly of Archean and Paleoproterozoic blocks and microcontinents might have been triggered by convergence along the continental margins of major cratons, including the São Francisco, Amazonian, and West Africa cratons (Fig. 4A). According to Caxito et al. (2020a) and several references therein, the embrionary north- ern subprovince of the BP could have been part of a single block of the Benino-Nigerian Shield, labelled NOBO-BENI, that was assembled to several other crustal terranes during an NOBOBENI: Northern Borborema Province-Benino Nigerian; AMT: Alto Moxotó; CVB: Cariris Velhos; RCT: Rio Capibaribe; PEALT: Pernambuco- Alagoas; AY: Adamawa-Yadé; CPB: Cristalândia do Piauí; CMA: Conceição; BMA: Betânia; TBL: Transbrasiliano; PaL: Patos; PeL: Pernambuco. Figure 4. Schematic accretionary model proposed for the Borborema Province evolution through 700 and 500 Ma. oceanic stage whose suture would nucleate part of the future Patos Lineament, the la�er including the Alto Moxotó, Alto Pajeú (Cariris Velhos Belt) and Rio Capibaribe terranes. Although Caxito et al. (2020a) grouped these blocks with the Adamawa-Yadé domain of Cameroon, labelled APAMCAPAY block, the juxtaposition of these terranes at that time is still speculative. Lastly, obducted ophiolite remnants and exhumed lower crust fragments such as ultra-high-pressure (UHP) and 5 Braz. J. Geol. (2021), 51(2): e20200104 eclogitic rocks are associated with the late collisional phase of the Brasiliano orogeny (Fig. 4B). With strain accommoda- tion along the crustal boundaries, convergent tectonics were followed by strike-slip deformation reactivating the previous suture zones via extrusion tectonics (Fig. 4C). PROBLEMS AND OPEN QUESTIONS A major issue considering accretionary models in the Neoproterozoic of the BP is the lack of reliable evidence for crustal suture in most of its inner shear zones. For instance, the Pernambuco Shear Zone is not considered to be a single structure by some authors (Vauchez et al. 1995). Crustal con- tinuity between the blocks separated by the eastern portion of this lineament is suggested by similar Paleoproterozoic ages and rock composition on both sides of it, thus preventing straightforward interpretation of a terrane boundary (França et al. 2019). Instead it is most likely to represent the result of nucleation on an ancient deeper structure or even a new struc- ture developed through reworking of a single crustal block by later deformation. �ese characteristics led Oliveira and Medeiros (2018) to separate the Pernambuco Shear Zone into two branches, western and eastern, and Caxito et al. (2016) suggested that only the western branch was nucleated in a former oceanic domain marked by a suture zone, while the eastern branch would represent a continuation of the shear corridor through a previously continuous crustal block (the APAMCAPAY ribbon continent; Caxito et al. 2020a), such as in the present-day Gulf of California where the East Paci�c Rise continues through California and connects to the Gorda Ridge on the other side. �e nature of the Cariris Velhos Event is highly debated, and some authors point to the A-type geochemistry of some of the bodies as related to within-plate events (Guimarães et al. 2016). �e lack of a well-de�ned metamorphic event related to continental accretion at this stage is also debated (Neves 2015). Regarding the �rst point, Caxito et al. (2020b) pro- pose a useful distinction between Tonian rocks related to the Cariris Velhos event at 1.0 Ga–920 Ma and those related with crustal ri�ing at ca. 900–860 Ma, and discuss the occurrence of extensional se�ings related to accretionary orogens such as back-arc basins (one representative would be the Riacho Gravatá subdomain of the Alto Pajeú domain; Kozuch 2003, Santos et al. 2010, Caxito et al. 2020b). Regarding the second point, Caxito et al. (2020b) discuss the probability of so�-col- lision events and reworking during the extensive Brasiliano Orogeny. In addition, restricted metamorphic zircon crystals and recrystallized rims still poorly dated at ca. 1.0 Ga have been found in high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Central Borborema Province (Lages and Dantas 2016, Santos et al. 2019). In fact, for a deeper understanding of the processes occurring in the early Tonian in the BP, re�ned �eld, geologi- cal, elemental and isotopic geochemistry, and geochronolog- ical studies are necessary. According to Neves (2018), a large ocean could not have existed along the Patos Shear Zone, because of the occurrence of early Tonian detrital zircon grains in the Northern BP, suggesting a connection with the Central BP and sourcing from the Cariris Velhos belt, as well as the lack of clear isotopic parameters of arc-related derivation of the early Ediacaran granites. In a general sense, compilations of detrital zircon data throughout the province reveal similar age distributions with main peaks at 2.15 to 2.05 Ga, an age range that characterizes most of the BP basement as well as the basement of the São Francisco Craton further south. Other links between these two major crustal domains are also proposed by the occurrence of Statherian ri� basins (Orós-Jaguaribeano and Espinhaço-Chapada Diamantina) and Tonian ri�-related units in both of them (Caxito et al. 2020a), interpreted as suggestive of the lack of physical bar- riers separating the inner domains of the province during the Neoproterozoic (Neves 2015). An alternative model recently proposed by Caxito et al. (2020a) conciliates some of these objections. In this model, the São Francisco-Congo paleocontinent and the BP basement were part of a major ancient supercontinent prior to Tonian ri�ing, similar to what is proposed by Cordani et al. (2013) as a “Central African Block”, which would also involve part of the basement of the Tocantins and Mantiqueira Province and probably the Saharan “metacratonic” region of NW Africa. Widespread post-Cariris Tonian ri�ing (ca. 900–860 Ma) caused hyperextension and decratonization of large portions of the Central African Block, leading to ri�ing of continental fragments that would dri� as ribbon continents separated by V-shaped oceanic basins during the Neoproterozoic (such as the Transnordestino-Central African ocean testified by the Monte Orebe ophiolite) and would then be squeezed and reworked in between the major cratonic blocks during Ediacaran-Cambrian collision. In such a model, which �ts the presented speculation of this contribution, most of the basement blocks composing the BP (called therein NOBO-BENI for Northern Borborema- Benino-Nigerian and APAMCAPAY for Alto Pajeú-Alto Moxotó-Rio Capibaribe-Adamawa-Yade) would ri�, dri�, and then be squeezed back and collide once again approximately in the same original position due to approximation of the West African-São Luís paleocontinent, characterizing a typical introverted plate tectonics cycle, or a classical Wilson Cycle. Later, at the late Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, collision of the major Amazonian paleocontinent would reactivate defor- mation in the BP and cause development of the regional strike- slip network. �us, similarity of basement ages is explained through a�liation of the ribbon continents with an ancient common parent (the Central African Block), while extreme reworking, injection of plutons and metamorphism of these basement blocks during the Brasiliano Orogeny is explained through decratonizaton and loss of the tectospheric keel, which characterizes cratonic rigidity, during the early Tonian hyper- extension processes. Taking into account this later model, one question remains as to whether the ri�ed blocks and ribbon continents really returned to the same original positions, or if dri�ing gener- ated new paleocontinental and paleoceanic con�gurations, which would allow for exotic blocks, e.g. those derived from 6 Braz. J. Geol. (2021), 51(2): e20200104 Rodinia, or those developed within the newly-born oceanic domains, to collide with the once conjugated continental mar- gins. Geological, geophysical, isotopic, and geochronological studies are necessary to be�er characterize the distinct blocks and check if some of them could have an origin that is com- pletely allocthonous with respect to a former Central African Block. One of the best candidates is the Cariris Velhos Belt, which represents a se�ing of early Tonian rocks distinct from any other, composing the basement of the blocks derived from the hypothetical Central African Block. Other fragments have also been proposed as probable remnants of Columbia (Brito Neves et al. 2020). �ese elements are key to conciliate between the introverted Wilson Cycle models, the extroverted accretionary models, and the intracontinental reworking mod- els proposed for portions of the BP. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS �is contribution was possible due to the encouragement of several colleagues from the Brazilian Geological Society. LCMLS acknowledges the support given by the Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) para Estudos Tectônicos. FAC acknowledges CNPq for his Research Productivity Grant. �e numerous contributions given by Prof. Reinhardt A. Fuck and an anonymous reviewer are strongly appreciated as well as those from Monica Heilbron and Claudio Riccomini. ARTICLE INFORMATION Manuscript ID: 20200104. Received on: 08/16/2020. Approved on: 11/30/2020. L.C.M.L.S. wrote the �rst dra� of the manuscript and prepared Figures 1, 3, and 4; F.A.C. improved the original manuscript by adding new statements, in addition to preparing Figure 2. Competing interests: �e authors declare no competing interests. Almeida F.F.M., Hasui, Y., Brito Neves B.B., Fuck R.A. 1981. Brazilian structural provinces: An introduction. Earth Science Reviews, 17(1-2):1-29. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(81)90003-9 Amaral W.S., Santos T.J.S., Wernick E. 2011. Occurrence and geochemistry of metama�c rocks from the Forquilha Eclogite Zone, Central Ceará (NE Brazil): geodynamic implications. Geological Journal, 46(2-3):137-155. h�ps://doi.org/10.1002/gj.1224 Amaral W.S., Santos T.J.S., Wernick E., Nogueira Neto J.D.A., Dantas E.L., Ma�eini M. 2012. High-pressure granulites from Cariré, Borborema Province, NE Brazil: tectonic se�ing, metamorphic conditions and U–Pb, Lu–Hf and Sm–Nd geochronology. Gondwana Research, 22(3-4):892-909. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.02.011 Archanjo C.J., Hollanda M.H.B.M., Rodrigues S.W., Brito Neves B.B., Armstrong R. 2008. Fabrics of pre- and syntectonic granite plutons and chronology of shear zones in the Eastern Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Journal of Structural Geology, 30(3):310-326. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.11.011 Brito Neves B.B. 2019. Terrenos Tectonoestratigrá�cos e / ou “Maciços”. Evolução do conceito e aplicação na Zona Transversal da Província Borborema. Terrae Didatática, 15:e019020. h�ps://doi.org/10.20396/td.v15i0.8655818 Brito Neves B.B., Fuck R.A., Pimentel M.M. 2014. �e Brasiliano collage in South America: A review. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 44(3):493-518. h�ps://doi.org/10.5327/Z2317-4889201400030010 Brito Neves B.B., Santos E.J., Fuck R.A., Santos L.C.M.L. 2016. A preserved early Ediacaran magmatic arc at the northernmost portion of the Transversal Zone central subprovince of the Borborema Province, Northeastern South America. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 46(4):491-508. h�ps://doi. org/10.1590/2317-4889201620160004 Brito Neves B.B., Santos E.J., Van Schmus W.R. 2000. Tectonic history of the Borborema province. In: Cordani U.G., Milani E.J., �omaz Filho A., Campos D.A. (Eds.). Tectonic Evolution of South America. Rio de Janeiro: 31st International Geological Congress, p. 151-182. Brito Neves B.B., Silva Filho A.F. 2019. Superterreno Pernambuco-Alagoas (PEAL) na Província Borborema: ensaio e regionalização tectônica. Geologia USP. Série Cientí�ca, 19(2):3-28. h�ps://doi.org/10.11606/ issn.2316-9095.v19-148257 Brito Neves B.B., Van Schmus W.R., Santos L.C.M.L. 2020. Alto Moxotó Terrane, a fragment of Columbia Supercontinent in the interior of the Transversal Zone, Borborema Province, Northeast Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 50(2):e20190077. h�ps://doi. org/10.1590/2317-4889202020190077 REFERENCES Brown M., Johnson T. 2019. Metamorphism and the evolution of subduction on Earth. American Mineralogist, 104(8):1065-1082. h�ps:// doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6956 Caxito F.A., Santos L.C.M.L., Ganade C.E., Bendaoud A., Fe�ous E.-H., Bouyo M.H. 2020a. Toward an integrated model of geological evolution for NE Brazil-NW Africa: �e Borborema Province and its connections to the Trans-Saharan (Benino-Nigerian and Tuareg shields) and Central African orogens. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 50(2):e20190122. h�ps:// doi.org/10.1590/2317-4889202020190122 Caxito F.A., Santos L.C.M.L., Uhlein A., Dantas E.L., Alkmim A.R., Lana C. 2020b. New U-Pb (SHRIMP) and �rst Hf isotope constraints on the Tonian (1000-920 Ma) Cariris Velhos event, Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 50(2):e20190082. h�ps://doi. org/10.1590/2317-4889202020190082 Caxito F.A., Uhlein A., Dantas E.L., Stevenson R., Pedrosa-Soares A.C. 2015. Orosirian (ca. 1.96 Ga) ma�c crust of the northwestern São Francisco Craton margin: Petrography, geochemistry and geochronology of amphibolites from the Rio Preto fold belt basement, NE Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 59:95-111. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2015.02.003 Caxito F.A., Uhlein A., Dantas E.L., Stevenson R., Salgado S.S., Dussin I., Sial A.N., 2016. A complete Wilson Cycle recorded within the Riacho do Pontal Orogen, NE Brazil: Implications for the Neoproterozoic evolution of the Borborema Province at the heart of West Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 282:97-120. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.07.001 Caxito F., Uhlein A., Stevenson R., Uhlein G.J. 2014. Neoproterozoic oceanic crust remnants in northeast Brazil. Geology, 42(5):387-390. h�ps://doi.org/10.1130/G35479.1 Coney P., Jones D., Monger J. 1980. Cordilleran suspect terranes. Nature, 288:329-333. h�ps://doi.org/10.1038/288329a0 Cordani U.G., Pimentel M.M., Araújo C.E.G., Fuck R.A. 2013. �e signi�cance of the Transbrasiliano-Kandi tectonic corridor for the amalgamation of West Gondwana. Brazilian Journal of Geology, 43(3):583- 597. h�ps://doi.org/10.5327/Z2317-48892013000300012 Correa R.T., Vido�i R.M., Oksum E. 2016. Curie surface of Borborema Province, Brazil. Tectonophysics, 679:73-87. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.04.037 Cruden A.R., Weinberg R.F. 2018. Mechanisms of magma transport and storage in the lower and middle crust-magma segregation, ascent and emplacement, in: Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems: Understanding Magma Transport, Storage, and Evolution in the Earth’s Crust. Volcanic and Igneous Plumbing Systems, 13-53. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809749-6.00002-9 7 Braz. J. Geol. (2021), 51(2): e20200104 Dantas E.L., Souza Z.S., Wernick E., Hackspacher P.C., Martin H., Xiaodong D., Li J.W. 2013. Crusta growrh in the 3.4-2.7 Ga São José do Campestre Massif, Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Precambrian Research, 227:120- 156. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.08.006 Eyuboglu Y., Santosh M., Dudas F.O., Chung S.L., Akaryali E. 2011. Migrating magmatism in a continental arc: Geodynamics of the Eastern Mediterranean revisited. Journal of Geodynamics, 52(1):11-15. h�ps://doi. org/10.1016/j.jog.2010.11.006 Ferreira A.C.D., Dantas E.L., Fuck R.A., Nedel I.M. 2020. Arc accretion and crustal reworking from late Archean to Neoproterozoic in Northeast Brazil. Nature Scienti�c Report, 10:7855. h�ps://doi.org/10.1038/ s41598-020-64688-9 Fe�er A.H., Santos T.S.S., Schmus W.R.V., Hackspacher P.C., Brito Neves B.B., Arthaud M.H., Nogueira Neto J.A., Wernick E. 2003. Evidence for Neoproterozoic continental arc magmatism in the Santa Quitéria Batholith of Ceará State, NW Borborema province, NE Brazil. Implication for the assembly of West Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 6(2):265-273. h�ps:// doi.org/10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70975-8 França R.H.M., Neves S.P., Bezerra J.P.S., Bruguier O. 2019. Geochemistry and geochronology of orthogneisses across a major transcurrent shear zone (East Pernambuco shear zone, Borborema Province, Northeast Brazil): Tectonic implications. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 91:285-301. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.02.015 French S.W., Romanowicz B. 2015. Broad plumes rooted at the base of the Earth’s mantle beneath major hotspots. Nature, 525:95-99. h�ps://doi. org/10.1038/nature14876 Ganade de Araújo C.E., Basei M., Grandjean F.C., Armstrong R., Brito R.S. 2017. Contrasting Archaean (2.85–2.68 Ga) �Gs from the Tróia Massif (NE-Brazil) and their geodynamic implications for �at to steep subduction transition. Precambrian Research, 297:1-18. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j. precamres.2017.05.007 Ganade de Araújo C.E., Ruba�o D., Hermann J., Cordani U.G., Caby R., Basei M.A.S. 2014a. Ediacaran 2,500-km-long synchronous deep continental subduction in the West Gondwana Orogen. Nature Communications, 5:5198. h�ps://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6198 Ganade de Araújo C.E., Weinberg R.F., Cordani U.G. 2014b. Extruding the Borborema Province (NE-Brazil): A two-stage Neoproterozoic collision process. Terra Nova, 26(2):157-168. h�ps://doi.org/10.1111/ter.12084 Guimarães I.P., Brito M.F.L., Lages G.A., Silva Filho A.F., Santos L., Brasilino R.G. 2016. Tonian granitic magmatism of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil: A review. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 68:97-112. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2015.10.009 Guimarães I.P., Silva Filho A.F., Almeida C.N., Van Schmus W.R., Araújo J.M.M., Melo S.C., Melo E.B. 2004. Brasiliano (Pan-African) granitic magmatism in the Pajeú-Paraíba belt, Northeast Brazil: an isotopic and geochronological approach. Precambrian Research, 135(1-2):23-53. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2004.07.004 Heilbron M., Valeriano C.M., Tassinari C.C.G., Almeida J., Tupinambá M., Siga J., Trouw R. 2008. Correlation of neoproterozoic terranes between the Ribeira Belt, SE Brazil and its African counterpart: Comparative tectonic evolution and open questions. Geological Society Special Publication, 294(1):211-237. h�ps://doi.org/10.1144/SP294.12 Hollanda M.H.B.M., Archanjo C.J., Souza L.C., Dunyi L., Armstrong R.A. 2011. Long-lived Paleoproterozoic granitic magmatism in the Seridó- Jaguaribe Domain, Borborema Province-NE Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 32(4):287-300. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j. jsames.2011.02.008 Howell D.G. 1995. Principles of terrane analysis: new applications for the Global Tectonics. 2. ed. London: Chapman & Hall. 235 p. Kozuch M. 2003. Isotopic and trace element geochemistry of early Neoproterozoic gneissic and metavolcanic rocks in the Cariris Velhos orogen of the Borborema Province, Brazil, and their bearing on tectonic se�ing. PhD �esis, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 199 p. Lages G.A., Dantas E.L. 2016. Floresta and Bodocó Ma�c-Ultrama�c Complexes, western Borborema Province, Brazil: Geochemical and isotope constraints for evolution of a Neoproterozoic arc environment and retro- eclogitic hosted Ti-mineralization. Precambrian Research, 280:95-119. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.04.017 Lima H.M., Pimentel M.M., Fuck R.A., Santos L.C.M.L., Dantas E.L. 2018. Geochemical and detrital zircon geochronological investigation of the metavolcanosedimentary Araticum complex, sergipano fold belt: Implications for the evolution of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 86:176-192. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j. jsames.2018.06.013 Lima H.M., Pimentel M.M., Santos L.C.M.L., Dantas E.L. 2019. Isotopic and geochemical characterization of the metavolcano-sedimentary rocks of the Jirau do Ponciano Dome: a structural window to a Paleoproterozoic arc root within the Southern Borborema Province, Northeast Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 90:54-69. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j. jsames.2018.12.002 Lima M.V.A.G., Berrocal J., Soares J.E.P., Fuck R.A. 2015. Deep seismic refraction experiment in northeast Brazil: New constraints for Borborema Province evolution. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 58:335-349. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2014.10.007 Meira V.T., Garcia-Casco A., Hyppolito T., Juliani C., Schorscher J.H.D. 2019. Tectono-Metamorphic Evolution of the Central Ribeira Belt, Brazil: A Case of Late Neoproterozoic Intracontinental Orogeny and Flow of Partially Molten Deep Crust During the Assembly of West Gondwana. Tectonics, 38(8):3182-3209. h�ps://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC004959 Neves S.P. 2003. Proterozoic history of the Borborema province (NE Brazil): Correlations with neighboring cratons and Pan-African belts and implications for the evolution of western Gondwana. Tectonics, 22(4):1031. h�ps://doi.org/10.1029/2001TC001352 Neves S.P. 2015. Constraints from zircon geochronology on the tectonic evolution of the Borborema Province (NE Brazil): Widespread intracontinental Neoproterozoic reworking of a Paleoproterozoic accretionary orogen. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 58:150-164. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2014.08.004 Neves S.P. 2018. Comment on “A preserved early Ediacaran magmatic arc at the northernmost part of the transversal zone-Central domain of the Borborema Province, Northeast of South America”, by B. B. de Brito Neves et  al. (2016). Brazilian Journal of Geology, 48(3):623-630. h�ps://doi. org/10.1590/2317-4889201820180049 Oliveira E.P., Windley B.F., Araújo M.N.C. 2010. �e Neoproterozoic Sergipano orogenic belt, NE Brazil: a complete plate tectonic cycle in western Gondwana. Precambrian Research, 181(1-4):64-84. h�ps://doi. org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.05.014 Oliveira R.G., Medeiros W.E. 2018. Deep crustal framework of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil, derived from gravity and magnetic data. Precambrian Research, 315:45-65. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j. precamres.2018.07.004 Padilha A.L., Vitorello Í., Pádua M.B., Bologna M.S. 2014. Electromagnetic constraints for subduction zones benearth the northwest Borborema Province: Evidence for Neoproterozoic island arc-continent collision in northeast Brazil. Geology, 42(1):91-94. h�ps://doi.org/10.1130/G34747.1 Padilha A.L., Vitorello Í., Pádua M.B., Fuck R.A. 2016. Deep magnetotelluric signatures of the early Neoproterozoic Cariris Velhos tectonic event within the Transversal sub-province of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Precambrian Research, 275:70-83. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j. precamres.2015.12.012 Santos A.C.L., Padilha A.L., Fuck R.A., Pires A.C.B., Vitorello I., Pádua M.B. 2014. Deep structure of a stretched lithosphere: Magnetotelluric imaginf of the southeastern Borborema Procince, NE Brazil. Tectonophysics, 610:38- 50. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.10.008 Santos E.J. 1996. Ensaio preliminar sobre terrenos e tectônica acrescionária na Província Borborema. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia, 39., Salvador. Annals... 6:47-50. Santos E.J., Medeiros V.C. 1999. Constraints from granitic plutonism on Proterozoic crustal growth of the Transverse Zone, Borborema Province, Northeast Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 29(1):73-84. h�ps://doi. org/10.25249/0375-7536.1999297384 Santos E.J., Souza Neto J.A., Carmona L.C.M., Armstrong R., Santos L.C.M.L., Mendes L.U.D.S. 2013. �e metacarbonate rocks of Itatuba (Paraíba): a record of sedimentary recycling in a Paleoproterozoic collision zone of the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Precambrian Research, 224:454- 471. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.09.021 8 Braz. J. Geol. (2021), 51(2): e20200104 Santos E.J., Van Schmus W.R., Kozuch M., Brito Neves B.B. 2010. �e Cariris Velhos tectonic event in Northeast Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 29(1):61-76. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2009.07.003 Santos L.C.M.L., Dantas E.L., Cawood P.A., Lages G.A., Lima H.M., Santos E.J. 2018. Accretion Tectonics in Western Gondwana Deduced From Sm- Nd Isotope Mapping of Terranes in the Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Tectonics, 37(8):2727-2743. h�ps://doi.org/10.1029/2018TC005130 Santos L.C.M.L., Dantas E.L., Cawood P.A., Lages G.A., Lima H.M., Santos E.J., Caxito F.A. 2019. Early to late Neoproterozoic subduction-accretion episodes in the Cariris Velhos Belt of the Borborema Province, Brazil: Insights from isotope and whole-rock geochemical data of supracrustal and granitic rocks. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 96:102384. h�ps:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102384 Santos L.C.M.L., Dantas E.L., Cawood P.A., Santos E.J., Fuck R.A. 2017a. Neoarchean crustal growth and Paleoproterozoic reworking in the Borborema Province, NE Brazil: Insights from geochemical and isotopic data of �G and metagranitic rocks of the Alto Moxotó Terrane. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 79:342-363. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j. jsames.2017.08.013 Santos L.C.M.L., Dantas E.L., Santos E.J., Santos R.V., Lima H.M. 2015. Early to late Paleoproterozoic magmatism in NE Brazil: �e Alto Moxotó Terrane and its tectonic implications for the pre-West Gondwana assembly. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 58:188-209. h�p://doi. org/10.1016/j.jsames.2014.07.006 Santos L.C.M.L., Dantas E.L., Vido�i R.W., Cawood P.A., Santos E.J., Fuck R.A., Lima H.M. 2017b. Two-stage terrane assembly in Western Gondwana: Insights from structural geology and geophysical data of central Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Journal of Structural Geology, 103:167-184. h�ps://doi. org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.09.012 Santos T.J.S., Amaral W.S., Ancelmi M.F., Pitarello M.Z., Fuck R.A., Dantas E.L. 2015. U-Pb age of the coesite-bearing eclogite from NW Borborema Province, NE Brazil: Implications for western Gondwana assembly. Gondwana Research, 28(3):1183-1196. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j. gr.2014.09.013 Sial A.N., Ferreira V.P. 2016. Magma associations in Ediacaran granitoids of the Cachoeirinha–Salgueiro and Alto Pajeú terranes, northeastern Brazil: Forty years of studies. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 68:113-133. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2015.10.005 Silva Filho A.F., Guimarães I.P., Santos L., Armstrong R., Van Schmus W.R. 2016. Geochemistry, U-Pb geochronology, Sm-Nd and O isotopes of ca. 50 Ma long Ediacaran High-K Syn-collisional magmatism in the Pernambuco Alagoas Domain, Borborema Province, NE Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 68:134-154. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2015.12.013 Tetreault J.L., Buiter J.H. 2014. Future accreted terranes: a compilation of island arcs, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamounts, and continental fragments. Solid Earth, 5:1243-1275. h�ps://doi.org/10.5194/ se-5-1243-2014 Van Hunen J., Moyen J.F. 2012. Archean subduction: Fact or �ction? Annual Review on Earth and Planetary Sciences, 40:195-219. h�ps://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-earth-042711-105255 Van Schmus W.R., Brito Neves B.B., Hackspacher P., Baninski M. 1995. U/ Pb and Sm/Nd geochronologic studies of eastern Borborema Province, northeastern Brazil: initial conclusions. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 8(3-4):276-288. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/0895-9811(95)00013-6 Vauchez A., Neves S.P., Caby R., Corsini M., Egydio-Silva M., Arthaud M., Amaro V. 1995. �e Borborema shear zone system, NE Brazil. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 8(3-4):247-266. h�ps://doi. org/10.1016/0895-9811(95)00012-5 Viegas L.G.F., Archanjo C.J., Hollanda M.H.B.M., Vauchez A. 2014. Microfabrics and zircon U-Pb (SHRIMP) chronology of mylonites from the Patos shear zone (Borborema Province, NE Brazil). Precambrian Research, 243:1-17. h�ps://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.12.020 9 Braz. J. Geol. (2021), 51(2): e20200104