Status e dinâmica espacial de aves de solo e mamíferos em duas reservas de desenvolvimento sustentável da Amazônia Central: impacto da caça e da intensidade de inundação

Abstract

In this study, we used a data set from an extensive camera trap survey that was carried out in two Sustainable Development Reserves (SDR), Central Amazonia. In addition, a long-term monitoring of hydrological cycles and hunting was used to understand how these factors could affect terrestrial vertebrate’s status and dynamics. In the first chapter, we assess how recent variations in flood pulse intensities affect ground birds and mammals dynamics in Mamirauá SDR. To assess how flood intensity influences the colonization, persistence, richness and diversity of ground birds and mammals in the Mamirauá SDR, we used the monitoring of the hydrological cycle and a camera trap dataset, conducted between 2013 and 2019. We observed that the flood intensity did not influence the probabilities of colonization and persistence of any species. Species richness remained stable and diversity showed low variation over the years. The adaptation of populations to remain for up to eight months in the arboreal stratum and the lower flood intensity when compared to the Western Amazon should limit the impacts of variations in flood intensity on these species in the Mamirauá SDR. In the second chapter, we evaluated the coexistence patterns and hunting impacts of two deer species of the genus Mazama in the Amanã SDR. We tested the hypothesis that in areas more susceptible to hunting, M. nemorivaga could be favored from reduced occupancy by M. americana. To assess coexistence patterns and how hunting influences deer occupancy and activity patterns we used data from 86 camera trap sites in 2017 and data from 18 years of hunting monitoring. We observed that M. americana is primarily nocturnal and M. nemorivaga diurnal and both species overlap in the spatial dimension of the niche. M. americana is more hunted than M. nemorivaga, but hunting pressure at distances greater than 2.5 km from human communities does not seem to affect the species' occupancy or activity patterns. We emphasize that the SDR Amanã forests are pristine, since the habitats converted to agriculture and human habitation represent a very small proportion of the habitat available for wildlife, favoring the source-sink dynamic. Overall, our results indicate that the fauna conservation strategy combined with conservation techniques for managing traditional populations can be effective in the Mamirauá and Amanã SDR’s. Low human densities, high forest productivity and high degree of conservation may be allowing the coexistence of the fauna with human communities. Our results indicate that SDR’s can be an effective path to conservation and sustainability in Central Amazonia. Keywords: