Efeitos agudos e acumulados de diferentes limiares de perda de velocidade no treino de força combinado ao treino técnico-tático sobre as respostas neuromusculares, perceptivas e desempenho físico em atletas de taekwondo

Abstract

Strength training (ST) is an essential component of the physical preparation of athletes in several sports, including combat sports such as taekwondo (TKD). In TKD, it is common to combine strength training with modality-specific technical-tactical training (TT) in the same training session. In these situations, the accumulated load of both trainings can increase the responses to internal load and, consequently, result in negative impacts on the psychobiological responses, physical performance and general well-being of athletes. Specifically considering the manipulation of repetition volume based on velocity, through intra-set velocity loss (VP), it can represent a qualitative and quantitative advance in strength training programming. The aim of the present study was to analyze the acute and accumulated effects of different thresholds of velocity-based strength training, by 20% and 40% VP, combined with technical-tactical training on the neuromuscular, perceptual and physical performance responses in TKD athletes during a 7-day pre-competitive microcycle. The study consisted of a cause-and-effect, crossover-type experimental design, randomized in a stratified manner and counterbalanced by the order and condition of each visit. Fourteen male TKD athletes participated in the study (age: 20.0 ± 2.2 years; body mass: 72.0 ± 7.3 kg; height: 182.7 ± 7.31 cm; body fat: 5.95 ± 1.02%; experience in strength training: 4.2 ± 2.5 years; time practicing the sport: 8.6 ± 1.7 years; competitive level: international/national). Three strength training sessions were performed, self-regulated by the VP thresholds of 20% and 40%, with one-week intervals between conditions. Strength training was performed before technical-tactical training. The values presented correspond to 1RM in the following exercises: pelvic thrust (161.8 ± 36.3 kg), bench press (58.6 ± 9.7 kg), half squat (129.5 ± 24.6 kg) and deadlift (143.1 ± 28.2 kg), and strength training for all exercises was performed at an intensity of 70% of 1RM. In each session, participants performed three sets at 70% of 1RM. Technical-tactical TKD training occurred every day of the week, with three sessions combined with strength training, lasting approximately 90 minutes. The acute and cumulative effects throughout the microcycle were analyzed by comparing changes in neuromuscular responses, observed by the countermovement jump (CMS), perceptual responses (total quality of recovery - QTR, well-being and subjective perception of effort - PSE) and specific physical performance in the Frequency Speed of Kick test (FSKTmult). The main results indicated that the athletes performed a greater number of repetitions, greater volume-load and PSE in the 40% PV condition compared to the 20% PV condition, for all exercises (p<0.001). For the acute and cumulative effect of different thresholds of strength training combined with technical-tactical training on the neuromuscular responses of the CMS throughout the microcycle, there were no significant differences between conditions and sessions (p>0.05). However, when comparing the acute moments at different PV thresholds combined with technical-tactical training, significant differences were observed. In session 3, the Post-TT moment presented higher SCM values in relation to the Pre moment (p = 0.046) and the Post-TF moment (p < 0.001). In turn, in session 5, the Post-TT moment was also superior to the Pre moment (p = 0.018) and the Post-TF moment (p = 0.012). For the cumulative effect of strength training combined with technical-tactical training on the responses of the QTR and Well-being variables, in relation to the baseline, there were significant differences between the conditions in which the values of the perceptual responses in the 40% PV condition were lower compared to the 20% PV condition for sessions 3 and 4 of the microcycle (p< 0.005). Regarding the cumulative effects observed pre- and post-microcycle of strength training combined with technical-tactical training on physical performance in FSTKmult, there was no significant difference between conditions (p=0.934) and moments (p=0.967). In conclusion, a microcycle of strength training with different PV thresholds combined with technical-tactical TKD training did not impair the neuromuscular and physical performance responses of TKD athletes. Therefore, knowledge about the acute and cumulative effects of sessions that combine strength training with technical-tactical training within a microcycle allows adjustments to be made in strength training according to the specific demands of competitions or training phases.