Diabetes Mellitus e seus modelos experimentais

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease characterized by elevated glycemia (hyperglycemia) due to changes or absence of secretion or the action of insulin, which is produced in beta cells of the pancreas. The WHO classifies DM in four clinical classes: Diabetes Mellitus type 1, Diabetes Mellitus type 2, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and other specific types of Diabetes Mellitus; there is also altered fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, which are categorized as prediabetes. The general treatment of DM seeks to attenuate the symptoms of hyperglycemia, such as fatigue, polyuria, weight loss, poor healing, sexual problems, hunger, blurred vision, tingling, thirst, vaginal infections and the prevention and reduction of acute complications and chronic diseases of diabetes. Pharmacological treatment for DM consists of the use of insulin, the use of oral hypoglycemic agents, which can slow the rate at which glucose is absorbed in the intestine, and potentiate insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells, as well as increase tissue sensitivity Insulin addicts. Before testing for drugs in humans, these are investigated in experimental animals, where the potential risks are assessed for their general toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity and reproductive toxicity; After this, and after approval by regulatory agencies, clinical trials (in humans) begin. The experimental models for induction of diabetes are relevant tools in the search and understanding of DM, which prevent disordered studies in humans. In order to have quality results in the diabetes induction method, it is necessary to choose an animal model that represents the pathogeny, the history of the DM, and also, through induction, reproduce the development of complications, originating from the DM, similar to the human beings. Despite the advances in science and technology, DM continues to present high prevalence rates, thus generating a need to seek to understand experimental models about Diabetes so that we can maximize clinical treatment in humans. Therefore, the macro objective of this study is to perform a bibliographic review of the main experimental methods for induction of Diabetes Mellitus. The specific objectives are: to review Diabetes Mellitus and the models for induction of this disease. The database used was PUBMED, PORTAL CAPES and SCIELO, opting for original articles and reviews, which made use of in vivo studies (animal models) in English and Portuguese. We also used basic pharmacology, clinical and therapeutic books. Keywords: Experimental Models, Induction, Diabetes, Methods and Study.