Fungos endofíticos em espécies agrícolas de importância econômica

Abstract

Endophytic fungi are microorganisms that are found inside plants throughout or at least a part of their life cycle without causing apparent damage. These fungi belong mainly to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla and are distributed through different organs and tissues of the host. Endophytic fungi can be transmitted through the airways or through seeds that contain the fungus. They are abundant in tropical regions and are able to colonize different types of plant species, bringing benefits to the plants such as growth stimulation, increased resistance to pests, diseases and adverse environmental conditions. Endophytic fungi stand out for their bioactive properties and the production of potential secondary metabolites in the development of antimicrobials. Among the compounds produced, many are intended for agricultural use, aiming at the implementation of biological control of pests and diseases in the field to reduce the use of agrochemicals. Excessive use of fungicides, insecticides and unbalanced fertilizers causes harmful effects on ecosystem biodiversity and are costly practices. However, the ability of endophytic fungi to promote the growth of agronomic and forest crops and to act as biocontrol agents of phytopathogens, increases the interest of researchers seeking forms of application of endophytic fungi isolates in agricultural and forestry routines. Thus, this paper aims to carry out a bibliographic review on the presence of endophytic fungi in agricultural plant species of economic importance, addressing their importance in agriculture and the existing relationships with cultivated plant species.