A atitude fenomenológica e sua importância para a geografia: desdobramentos atuais, diálogos metodológicos e concepções ontológica-hermenêutica da geograficidade das paisagens

Abstract

The theme of this study is the dialogue between geography and phenomenology, and what is discussed is mainly of a theoretical-philosophical nature, intermingling in the state of knowledge, allowing to glimpse a situated production of geographical knowledge, in a spatial ontology that enhances and underline a Geography of the Spaces lived, a situational geography, so that, as a method or even philosophy, phenomenology allows at the same time the criticism and renewal of geography as practical and scientific knowledge. The aim of the study is to present a phenomenological analysis of the written speeches of the Geographic Landscape. The Theoretical Framework that guides this thesis discusses the constitution and conception of science with a postmodern phenomenological characteristic and establishes a dialogue between Sartrian existential phenomenology, Bachelardian poetic phenomenology, and the phenomenology of the Dardelian land, allowing the return to spatial experiences and practices first, on which we build our references of world and place. These references are constructed through scientific elaboration, with the creation of conceptual representations (landscape), but also in everyday life. The methodology has a qualitative-quantitative approach, Bibliographic Research and Literature Review. The methodological procedures are linked to the use of Discourse Analysis of a French phenomenological aspect, with the intention of building a set of analysis techniques for the realization of the State of Knowledge in the Academic Geographic Production Qualis A1 and A2, from 2005 to 2015 , based on an Integrative Review. Iramuteq software was also used for the selection of the analysis corpus, in order to apprehend and organize, in a structured way, important linguistic aspects. This led to the construction of a tree of meanings, in which manifest (explicit) and latent (subjective) contents were presented to the investigation, giving us possibilities for analysis from the concepts and discussions covered throughout the course of the thesis. The originality of the text is built on the exhibition, argumentation and theoreticalphilosophical reflection that is intended between postmodern science, phenomenology and geography, and their interrelations; and in the construction of a range of data linked to the Brazilian geographic academic production obtained through Integrative Review and the Iramuteq software. Four relational axes are present in the study: the first points to an understanding of the constitution and theoretical-philosophical conception of phenomenology and its consequences. It is argued about a stiffening of concepts and the probable further weakening of this first phenomenology. The second axis discusses the interrelationship of Sartre's phenomenological theories (and the concepts of consciousness, understanding and explanation, narrative and language, in and of themselves, Being and appearing, and Being of the phenomenon), of Bachelard (and the concepts of imagination and imagery, instant and memory, reason and reverie), and Dardel (and the concepts of geographical space, landscape and geographical reality). The third axis is an exhibition of the category of landscape analysis, where there will be an interlocution between the historical construction of the concept and some schools of thought, which, incidentally, evoke a combination of existential aspects of man-in-the-world, that is, to elucidate, reveal, unveil, and experience the Landscape. In the fourth axis, we will talk about epistemological analysis with a practical approach centered on the State of Knowledge. In the fifth and final axis, we present the verb-iconic cartography for discursive analysis of the selected articles. The result that was sought in this thesis was, mainly, to debate about the theoreticalphilosophical scope of a reflective science, of the existential geographic reality, and for the phenomenological knowledge and academic debates. The defense of the argument intended to demonstrate that phenomenology, particularly that originating from existentialist, poetic and earth thinking, in addition to its contributions, has limitations that implicitly link it to the modern conception of science that still hovers in geographical knowledge, and, at the same time, (re) thinking about this geographic knowledge, in order to renew it from a phenomenological attitude, that is, the possibility of using a truly existential phenomenological methodology.