Estudo clínico laboratorial das pneumonias pós-infecções virais

Abstract

Pneumonia is an infectious and inflammatory disorder that settles in the lungs and is caused by the penetration of infectious agents or irritants in the alveolar space. The respiratory system has defense mechanisms such as immune response and mechanical actions to ensure the sterility of the lower airways, preventing bacterial invasion. When these mechanisms are not efficient host cannot contain the bacterial invasion occurs and onset of the disease. Some factors favor the occurrence of pneumonia as aging, smoking, heart failure, oropharyngeal colonization, micro and macroaspiration, alcoholism, immunosuppression, and viral infections. Patients with weakened immune system by viral infections are more likely to suffer secondary bacterial infection. The viral infection causes cell destruction and sloughing of superficial tissues of the respiratory system, increase susceptibility to bacterial superinfection of patients for the loss of ciliary clearance process, the dysfunction of phagocytic cells which reduces the effectiveness of cleansing the respiratory tract. The main causative organism of bacterial pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae is responsible for 20- 60% of cases of bacterial pneumonia in the community. The challenge is the diagnostic identification of the pathogen, which causes, in most cases, the diagnosis is basei only in clinical diagnosis making the antimicrobial therapy is often not optimal. The microbiological diagnosis is essential to identify the pathogen and the correct conduct for treatment. The characteristics that allow identification of S. pneumoniae are alpha hemolysis on blood agar, optochin sensitivity, and Bili solubility. Besides the identification of the pathogen is imperative that it be carried out to identify the antibiotic susceptibility profile to antimicrobials.