A construção de um novo script: o processo de adaptação de famílias de crianças com transtorno do espectro autista

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to a complex condition of neurobiological developmental disorders that tends to generate numerous impairments in participation in all areas of occupational performance and in different contexts, demanding support and requiring adjustments in the dynamics of family functioning. Some families seem to find balance to regain stability, even immersed in a challenging context. In this context, this study sought to understand the family adaptation process of children diagnosed with ASD, based on the parents' perception. This is an exploratory and descriptive research, with a qualitative approach, guided by the theoretical framework of the Family Resilience Model of Stress, Adjustment and Family Adaptation proposed by McCubbin and McCubbin (1993). A convenience sample group consisted of 7 mothers and 1 father, with at least one child aged between 4 and 10 years, who were diagnosed with ASD between 1 years and 10 months and 6 years of age. Participants were recruited through an invitation letter published in groups of parents of children with ASD on online social networks. Data collection was conducted via online videoconference using a sociodemographic questionnaire and a Semi-Structured Interview Guide based on the theoretical model. All interviews were recorded by a voice recorder and later transcribed in full and then verified. Subsequently, the transcripts were organized and analyzed with the support of the MAXQDA 2020 software, using the content analysis technique, in the thematic mode. The results highlighted three thematic categories: (1) the stressful event; (2) family functioning; and (3) family assessment and confrontations. The narratives of this study presented content that signaled interactions between different family subsistences, showing how individuals establish relationships of reciprocal support in the family assessment process and mobilization of efforts to seek appropriate coping strategies. It was also possible to identify those aspects such as cohesion, adaptability and communication were promoted by family occupations.Regarding the implications for clinical practice, the family system can be strengthened by health professionals, as the adaptation process can be learned and, in this way, facilitated and/or encouraged.