A ontologia marxiana como caminho para uma ciência emancipatória: breve resgate histórico da epistemologia burguesa e a necessidade de sua superação

Abstract

This theoretical essay aims to expose how science and its epistemology exclude the possibility of apprehending the movement of the real, that is, knowing the essence of phenomena beyond the appearances of social relations, in the same way as it reinforces the sociometabolism of capital. In order to reach this goal, the path we want to trace runs through the historical trajectory of the theory of knowledge, seeking to understand the reasons why the main theories have emerged, developed and assumed a relevant role for the social sciences. We will see that, since the emergence of the social sciences, its connection was first of all with concepts that depart from categories that cover the exploitation of workers to the detriment of a mutual social development that did not occur - although such researchers had a genuine concern with history shows us the barbarous consequences of human life under the aegis of private ownership of the means of production - and, secondly, it was linked to the abstract criterion of neutrality and specialization, a science intentionally tied to reproduction of the hegemonic system. Thus, we will also try to understand how these historical trajectories culminated in the subservience or submission of such theories to the capitalist sociability. We understand that there is a close relationship between the way in which sociological paradigms are appropriated by researchers and their institutions, in order to act in the reproduction and legitimation of the hegemonic productive system, thus contributing to contemporary science being divided, ideological and a- historical and therefore incapable of promoting the humanization of humanity. This is because all capitalist production is destined to generate exchange value, so that science is not based on human need, but on its potential for exploitation of more value. Among the conditions for confronting capitalist science, Karl Marx left us the logic of capital and historical and dialectical materialism as a means capable of demonstrating the contradictions of life in this society, by recovering ontology as the first philosophy for the establishment of possibility of knowing and overcoming the necessity of an a priori method as a presupposition for the scientific doing. In their place, the categories of totality, contradiction and historicity assume a guiding character for the researcher, not to delimit it, but to keep him attentive to the categories that the object, in its entirety, will demand. It will be through historical and dialectical materialism that we will seek to achieve the objective proposed in this essay by using the above categories to investigate the main theories whose worldview influenced the different paradigms of the social sciences.