Transição para a vida adulta e as barreiras e oportunidades educacionais encontradas pelos jovens brasileiros, 2009-2019

Abstract

The study analyzes and compares the results found in relation to the permanence in the educational trajectory and the condition of occupation in the labor market according to race, gender, area of ​​residence, family condition, among other variables, as a way of understanding how individual aspects, socioeconomic and demographic factors influence the perspectives of individuals in the transition to adulthood. The period from 2009 to 2019 was chosen with the intention of analyzing how the Quota Law may have influenced the choices regarding study and work, by young Brazilians, presenting new educational perspectives. The data used were extracted from the PNADs from 2009, 2011 to 2015 and Continuous PNADs from 2016 to 2019, and a model was created to analyze the chances of young people finding themselves in one of the four possibilities: attending school or university, being in the job market, conciliates study and work and neither studies nor works. In a second moment, socioeconomic, demographic and individual dimensions were considered to analyze their effects on the chances of dropping out of school and how the behavior of these young people was modified over the period of analysis.

The results of the first analysis point to a more favorable scenario for young people aged 17 to 29 to remain in studies, after the implementation of affirmative policies related to access to higher education. From 2009 to 2019, a trend was observed for young people in general to increase the proportion of the group that studies and does not work. Considering the criteria of the Quota Law, the same upward trend in the group of those who only study was observed for young black and brown people and young people whose per capita family income was equal to or less than 1.5 minimum wage.

Furthermore, in relation to the second analysis of the work, the results suggest indirect positive effects of the Quota Law on the chances of dropping out of school before completing high school. An increase in the proportion of black and brown youth aged 15 to 17 among those attending school was noted. Furthermore, considering that young people who work longer hours are more likely to drop out of school, a reduction in the proportion of young people who study and work more than 20 hours a week was also noticed.

Thus, the conclusions about the work indicate that the educational policies for access to higher education implemented in Brazil may have motivated young people to remain in their studies, given the greater possibility of access to higher education. However, the results cannot be attributed entirely to these policies, as there is a broader economic, political and social context that can reinforce or alleviate barriers and opportunities encountered by young people throughout their lives.