Fatores condicionantes da presença de diferentes modelos de prestação de serviços de abastecimento de água e esgotamento sanitário no Brasil: uma análise quantitativa

Abstract

This study seeks to identify and compare elements from different institutional water supply and sanitation provision service models in Brazil by comparing data from three databases: the 2008 National Basic Sanitation Survey, the 2010 Demographic Census, and the 2013 Atlas of Human Development in Brazil. To this end, we adopted seven dimensions and selected 24 study variables. Data from 5,493 municipal water supply services, 3,050 municipal sanitation provision services and 2,893 municipalities that provide both water supply and sanitation services were employed. The results were evaluated through univariate nonparametric tests analysis of variance and multiple comparisons, and multivariate tests grouping and correspondence analysis and multiple-group multinomial logistic regression. The logistic model predicted and allowed to determine the pattern in the service models as a function of municipality characteristics. For water supply in the most populous cities, the service was provided either by contractors under indirect municipal management or by state-managed companies. These cities were in great number and had a higher human development index and per capita income. Sanitation provision services are frequently provided through indirect city- or state-managed or private companies due to scale and density economy. As a whole, indirect municipal management of water supply and sanitation provision services was found in the cities with the best social and economic indexes as well as the best service provider performance indexes. Sanitation quality was poorer when provided by private companies and in the North macro region of Brazil. In contrast, services are almost universal in the Southeast region. In general, less attractive municipalities with fewer potential service users, low social, economic and housing performances, at risk of poverty and with poor sanitation conditions depend on direct municipal service management.