A natureza do método e o método da natureza: exposição e crítica na formação do pensamento alemão nos séculos XVIII e XIX

Abstract

The thesis aims to present the conception of nature and its method as some German writers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In particular, Kant, Humboldt, Schelling, Goethe and finally Marx. The first part presents the metaphysical origins of Kantian thought, highlighting the most significant designs of his philosophy, especially his transcendental method and his conception of nature along its three major critiques and its geography. We tried to also highlight the transformation of the conception of a mechanical nature, influenced by Newton to the concept of organic whole, influenced by biology, and developed in the Critique of Judgment. This exposition of Kant's work was necessary because her influence greatly the development of all German idealism, but also, naturalist considered the father of modern geography, Humboldt. The next chapter has exposed the concept of nature in Humboldt present throughout his works highlighting how it is perceived by sensible intuition. Emphasis is given to the aesthetic treatment that exposes Humboldt in his narrative and the seizure of the whole of nature through the appreciation of the landscape. The challenge was to present the unity of nature from the junction between the conceptual and empirical knowledge universalization. Finally, emphasis was given its relations with Schelling's philosophy of nature and the "science" of the nature of Goethe, in order to establish their similarities, but also differences. Then were exposed some moments of thought Schelling, especially his philosophy of nature, but also its understanding of the absolute through intellectual intuition. The goal is also to show how Schelling in nature and the arts are punishable by analogy, is the art that makes it possible to access the "secrets" of nature. The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate the importance of specificity and centrality of the organism in their arguments, even though it falls under one idealist explanation. Chapter four is a continuation of the previous chapter, it is a complement to the German influences Humboldt. In it was exposed to "natural science" of Goethe from his findings on his trip to Italy. The appreciation of natural and artistic landscapes, the poet will intuit an originary phenomenon that is the basis of their morphology and its aesthetics. Finally, it highlighted the critical and limits of idealist philosophy that somehow the aforementioned authors were influential. The Marxian contribution to the study of nature will occur, then, from the sensitive activity. Special emphasis was given to overcoming the philosophical conception of metaphysics, both as a method of a priori knowledge, as of nature with supersensible being, inaccessible to knowledge. Finally, the thesis will review some contributions of Critical Geography, sustained by the Marxian perspective, highlighting the difficulties of a Marxist analysis guided exclusively an epistemology, a dialectical method could encompass a priori the entire world, however, exposing the need for a return to Marx from his analytical "method", his theory of abstractions, allowing unveilling categories as ways of being, of existence determinations.