História genética das populações peruanas

Abstract

The current Peruvian populations were mostly derived from two major migratory events, one ancient or pre-Columbian and another more recent or post-Columbian. In this study, we attempt to reconstruct the impact of these migration flows through a genomic stu dy of the Peruvians using the comparisons of genotypes (autosomal markers-INDELs) and haplotypes (mtDNA and Y-DNA) of them with the autochthonous populations from Europe, Asia, Africa, Oceania and America regions.Our results with autosomal data show that there is a high proportion of autochthonous American ancestry (between 53.8% and 96.5%) and a gradient of post-Columbian miscegenation, which is consistent with the historical records left by historians and chroniclers. Overall, the current population of Peru shows a genomic proportion corresponding to approximately 80% of native American ancestry. The distribution and frequencies of maternal lineages (mtDNA) indicates a major contribution of autochthonous Americans (97.1% of A2, B2, C1 and D1), representing mainly the pre-Columbian genetic legacy of Peruvians. In the paternal lineages (Y chromosome) there is a predominance of Q-M3 (60.1%), followed by R-M207 (18.8%), F-M89* (12.5%), E-M96 (4.3%) and Q-M346* paragroup (4.1%). The high prevalence of the Q lineage (Q-M3 and Q-M346*) shows that the autochothonous paternal contribution is at least three times larger than the contribution R-M207 lineage, the main haplogroup from European descent. Besides, there is also a minor contribution of lineages from Eurasia, Middle East and Africa regions (F-M89* and E-M96). The post-Columbian miscegenation events in Peru, although lower than those observed in other Latin American countries, also occurred mostly among men from Eurasian lineages and autochthonous Peruvian women. The gradient of miscegenation of paternal lineages observed throughout the different regions of Peru is very similar to the genetic pattern obtained by autosomal INDELs. Thus, the three genetic systems were shown to complement each other on the reconstruction of history of peopling of Peru, describing the same scenario from different perspectives, revealing important demographic and historical inferences of the human being in America.