Determinantes da presença de soluções sanitárias: um estudo sobre a população de baixa renda no Brasil

Abstract

Brazil, as well as other developing countries, faces the challenge of effectively meeting the population's health demands. Historically, actions in sanitation in the country prioritized the large centers, to benefit the population with greater purchasing power, as well as the regions that have greater facilities to operate and maintain sanitation services. As a result, the sanitation deficit is not homogenously distributed, affecting the poorest people who live in the peripheries of cities, rural areas and the less developed regions of the country. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the determinants of access to general water supply network, to the sanitary sewage network and to the collection of solid waste among the Brazilian population in situation of social vulnerability, registered in CadÚnico 2015, resident in urban and rural areas. Statistical methods were used, such as descriptive analysis of the main variables that presented statistical significance in the multivariate analyzes, correspondence analysis (separating urban households from rural households) and hierarchical modeling. The picture of the situation of basic sanitation developed from the CadÚnico data shows that there is a deficit of access among families in situation of social vulnerability. As a result, 15.4% of the households do not have internal pipelines in at least 1 room at home, 7.9% do not have a bathroom or toilet and 18.2% of households burn their solid residues on the property, all values above average national level, which is 9.33%, 2.64% and 10.1%, respectively. From the hierarchical modeling, it was identified that families living in extreme poverty, living in rural areas, in the municipalities of the North and with smaller population size, are the most affected by the deficit of basic sanitation in Brazil. It is worth noting that households in the Southeast region are 319 times more likely to have access to sanitary sewage than the ones in the North and urban households are 43 times more likely to collect solid waste than in rural areas. In this context, studies like this are essential to show the importance of prioritizing public investments in actions and sanitation services so that the population in vulnerable situations is also served.