Efeitos imunológicos da administração oral de ovalbumina encapsulada em lipossomas

Abstract

Oral administration of protein antigens, such as ovalbumin, may result in induction of either tolerance or immunization. Induction of immune responses is of great interest for development of oral vaccines. On the other hand, oral tolerance may represent a therapeutic solution to allergic and auto-immune diseases. Induction of oral tolerance depends on many factors such as structure and dose of the administered antigen, as well as age and genetic background of the animal. To avoid oral tolerance, there are new strategies to protect the antigens from degradation within the gastrointestinal tract and to allow them to reach the mucosa associated lymphoid tissue and spleen. One such strategy is the usage of liposomes. Herein, we studied the immunological effects of oral administration of liposome-encapsulated ovalbumin in B6D2F1, C57BL/6, BALB/c and Swiss mice. Multilamellar vesicles (MLV), large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and small unilamellar vesicles (SUV) were prepared. Liposomes were made of soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol (CH) and phosphatidylglycerol (PG) or distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), CH and PG or PC, CH and phosphatidylserine (PS) or DSPC, CH and PS. Our data demonstrated that immune response obtained depend on the liposome type and on the strain of mice used. We also observed that antigen gastrointestinal traffic and absorption changed according to the form of administration of ovalbumin (free or encapsulated). The biodistribution differences found between free and encapsulated OVA may represent alternative mechanisms for induction or not of oral tolerance. The mechanism responsible for this differential effect of liposomes depended on the site of antigen release and absorption. Therefore, SUV-DSPC/CH/PG liposomes might be suitable for systemic immunization while LUV liposomes might be used as adjuvants for local immunization.