Ciência do patrimônio: a gestão do patrimônio arqueológico no âmbito do licenciamento ambiental em Minas Gerais

Abstract

Heritage Science is the denomination of a vast scientific field that concerns all areas involved in preservation, fruition and appreciation of heritage. Among them, the Archaeology is the science of human societies through the analysis, and interpretation of cultural remains and their contexts. Based on the knowledge of the past identity links are established to contribute to the understanding of the present and to build the future. In order that, all objects and archaeological sites are considered, in Brazil, the Federal Property, being the Institute of Historical and Artistic Heritage (Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional - IPHAN) the standards of research and the protection of the Archaeological Heritage. To ensure the cultural assets preservation, archeological research is now required in Environmental Licensing processes of those enterprises that promotes interferences in the soil, what is known as Preventive Archeology considering its vigilance to prevent potential damage to the Heritage. One of the main challenges, identified in this process, is to certificate that the interests of entrepreneurs do not overlap the methodology demand and schedule activities, aiming the quality of research, conservation of the engendered collections and its presentation to society. Therefore, this dissertation analyzes the management of Archeological Heritage by IPHAN, as well as the responsibilities of other involved parts, taking on as conceptual basis the Conservation theorists, international recommendations and Brazilian legislation. Surveys in IPHAN-MG file and visits to partners institutions were carried out, resulting in safeguard quantitative and qualitative measurement indicators adopted until the publication of Normative Instruction 01/2015. Given the many problems identified, this work propound a reflection on how the changes in procedures and the requirements proposed in the new document may interfere with the found scenario. The context reported, in its entirety, is inserted into the definition presented to the Heritage Science to highlight how the scientific basis and the multidisciplinary approach recommended by knowledge field contributes to the preservation of National Heritage.