Principais lesões e alterações biomecânicas relacionadas com a força de reação do solo em atletas saltadores: revisão bibliográfica

Abstract

The present review aimed to identify the main osteomioarticular lesions and biomechanical alterations related to the ground reaction force in jumpers. In order to do so, a research was conducted in virtual health libraries searching for articles published between 2011 and 2016, written in Portuguese, English or Spanish, that evaluated the ground reaction force during vertical jump tasks. For the data analysis, the results were categorized according to the type of vertical jumping evaluation task: Countermovement Jump (CJ), Drop Jump (DP), Vertical Jump Variations (VJV). In the CJ group, the data demonstrate acute ankle injuries and repetitive stress knee injuries associated with low flexion amplitudes of the lower limbs and increased post-repetitive effort. Men and women behave similarly in response to fatigue, however, men tend to land with a greater amount of stiffness. In the DP group, it was observed that in 93% of the tests the athlete touches the ground asymmetrically and that the attenuation of forces has an intimate relationship with the angulation of plantar flexion during landing and angulation of knee flexion, the larger they are, the lower the peak of ground reaction force is. In the VJV group, there was a greater probability of knee and ankle injuries in jumps involving landing, followed by abrupt changes in lower limb directions, such as running or passing backwards. It was possible to conclude that the main osteomioarticular lesions most frequently associated with the ground reaction force were ankle and knee sprains, stress fractures and ligament injuries, whereas the biomechanical changes most commonly related to these injuries were reduced knee and ankle range of motion, dynamic knee valgus and inappropriate landing techniques