Princípios no planejamento em saneamento básico: estudo comparativo de três experiências brasileiras

Abstract

This work aims to identify and compare principles assumed in experiences with basic sanitation planning, verifying to which theoretical current they are subordinated to. The cases of the Plano Nacional de Saneamento Básico (Plansab), the Plano Municipal de Saneamento Ambiental de Penápolis - SP (PMSAP), and the Plano Municipal deSaneamento de Belo Horizonte - MG (PMSBH) have been studied. To that end, an evaluation model was developed, which is sought to identify the principles that substantiated each plan development, comparing then with the values defended by six planning schools which stand out currently. The data for the analysis was obtained through bibliographic research and documental research, including the documents concerning the own plans and meeting minutes. As a base of support, the participantobservations technique was employed, in tre case of Plansab, as well as in-depth interviews, for every studied plan. In the treatment of data, the technique of content analysis was used. This framework allowed the verification the internal coherence between the declared reasoring and the categories analyzed in each ofthe plans. This study was referenced by the following planning theoretical currents: Normative Planning, Situational Strategic Planning, Scenario and Strategic Planning, Foresignt, Global Business Network Method and the Non Euclidian Mode Planning. These experiences were compared, providing some lessons, which could end up promoting the discussion about criteria to be used in the elaboration of sanitation plans. It has been concluded that in the elaboration of Plansab, the guiding principles of PES were incorporated in a sigfificant way. The model was decided to be based on a methodological nix, adopting scenario and strategic planning as a central axis, as well as bringing together concepts and instruments from PES, Foresight and GBN. The methodology development of PIVISAP was influenced by the local culture, with social participation in decisionsrelated to urban politics. The realized diagnosis takes concepts from PES, although the plans proposals keep a direct relationship between effect and cause, following, in this aspect, the precepts of Normative Planning. The PMSBH was based on technical diagnoses, developed within the framework of the planners, without participation fromsocial actors, in harmony with Normative Planning. It was observed in all the three plans the presentation of the following guiding principles: universality, integality, intersectoriality civil society participation, social control, among others. It was concluded that these principles were undertaken in the elaboration of Plansab, providing the construction of a consistent and coherent plan; these principles were also incorporated significantly in the elaboration of the Plano Municipal de SaneamentoAmbiental de Penápolis, as well as other principles of divergent nature, which brought some inconsistencies and incoherencies to the plan; the Plano Municipal de Saneamento de Belo Horizonte, presents harmonic principles in each one of its elaboration steps, and therefore can be considered a consistent plan, although, some divergent principles are again applied in its construction, introducing some incoherencies to it.