Os (des)caminhos da linguagem coletiva nas paisagens urbanas brasileiras: a forma urbana modelada pela norma

Abstract

Architecture is a materialization of man's existence in the world, an urban landscape, therefore, is a materialization of the existence of a civilization, of a collectivity. The collective expression, which represents a culture, reflects the spirit of the place, that is, the Genius loci, which is by itself, the unique way that culture materializes its existence in the world at a given moment and under certain circumstances. Thus, the research was based on the hypothesis that, through the rules and parameters, the discipline of urban form influences directly in this dynamic movement, becoming an instrument that reconfigures the logic of the expression from collectivity. It determines a universal standard, that disregards the social, environmental and landscape identity, that is, that does not reflect the Genius loci. This pattern consists of several layers, the result of a normative evolution that overlap, contradict or annul one another at times, making the individual's actions in urban space even more complex. Consequently, we have created a massified urban form, aesthetically unrelated to local behavior, devoid of particular characteristics and original elements and that do not constitute images full of meaning for people. In the midst of discussions about paradigms of urban planning - especially those related to the construction of the rules, (critical) popular participation in the processes, legitimacy of agreements, and understanding of legal authorizations - many theories, tools, and methodologies have explored alternatives for planning and for collective construction of the landscape through the disciplinary norms. However, before proposing alternatives for structuring a collective construction model of the landscape through the rights of the city, it is necessary to elucidate how a parametric base that forms the current massifying model. It is relevant to understand the motivations behind the adopted parameters of control, often imported and emptied, and which eventually shape the design of cities and their constructions. Thus, it is hoped to favor the elaboration of grounded criticisms that will lead to more conscious and consistent propositions. Through the analysis of the normative typologies that marked the urban and urbanistic discipline in Brazil, it was demonstrated that the discipline of the urban form, specifically related to regulation of individual actions on the lot, through the definition of rules and parameters, has developed, throughout history, based on the establishment of urban occupation standards, in line with hegemonic interests, thus exempting itself from proposing other solutions more closely related to local realities. However, the interest that the standard met made it more or less massif, according to the economic, political and technical availability, which defined the standard/parameter reproduction capacity. This way it is understood that the norm, as a means for the ordering of the landscape, is essentially standardizing, but not essentially massifying, which is the result of the application of the norm as an end, that is, the landscape is its literal materialization. Therefore, we concluded that the problem is not the norm nor the standard, but it is the fact that they are not the result of an interpretation of local reality, thus being devoid of identity, contextualization and therefore not legitimized.