Enxerto alógeno em Odontologia

Abstract

The prosthetic rehabilitation of patients with bone loss in the jaw is a common situation in the dental clinic. Such losses may be present in the anterior and posterior region of maxillary, implying the need for bone reconstruction of varying size. Several clinical procedure is recommended for these reconstructions, the most common being sinus lifting in the posterior maxilla and the block graft in the anterior maxilla and mandible. Various materials are used for this purpose, among which we can mention the autogenous bone, allogenic bone, genogenic bone (bovine bone), synthetic biomaterials (bioglasses and hydroxyapatites) and bone morphogenetic proteins. Autogenous bone is considered the gold standard because their properties osteogenic, osteoinductive, osteoconductive and not antigenic, but has the need of second surgical site, with high morbidity for the patient. The allogenic bone from the bone bank, provides an alternative to autogenous bone grafts, showing a very useful material for dentistry, in order to regenerate the missing bone tissue. The allogenic bone is having renewed attention in recent years due to their advantages such as ease getting in large quantities, as well as due to reduced morbidity and surgical time due to lack of a second surgical area donor. The aim of this study is to review the literature regarding the use of allogenic bone in dentistry, compared to different materials types for graft. For literature review, a survey of health descriptors was performed "DECS" the terms of interest consistent with the objectives of the study in English and Portuguese. A total of four terms: bone transplantation, autografts, allografts, alveolar ridge augmentation. Subsequently, using the above terms, surveys were conducted in the following databases (PubMed, SciELO, Medline and Lilacs), from 2000 to 2015. From the searches were selected 30 scientific papers including research papers, literature reviews and clinical cases. It was concluded that the allogenic bone is indicated in guided bone regeneration, atrophic maxillary ridge reconstruction, maxillary sinus lifting; being that in maxillary reconstruction using bone blocks alllogen special attention should be taken to prepare the surgical site to provide adequate nutrition to the graft; and should put a graft greater volume than necessary to compensate for the resorption of the graft which reaches approximately 1/3 of the volume grafted.