Editorial: novel immunotherapies against envenomings by snakes and other venomous animals

Abstract

Millions of people suffer envenomation from snakes, scorpions, spiders, and bees annually. Traditional treatment relies on effective antivenoms derived from animal plasma, but these are associated with limitations such as adverse reactions, high cost, and the presence of non-neutralizing antibodies. Recent advances in biotechnology, immunology, and antibody engineering have driven the development of next-generation immunotherapies, including recombinant antivenoms and nanobodies. Studies highlight innovative immunization strategies against Micrurus and Bothrops atrox venoms, as well as prospects for therapies against bee stings. With support from the World Health Organization, the field promises significant advances in the coming decades.