Is toombak a risk factor for oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma? A systematic review

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dc.creatorShankargouda Patil
dc.creatorGururaj Arakeri
dc.creatorAbdul Wahab Alamir
dc.creatorShekhar Patil
dc.creatorKamran Habib Awan
dc.creatorHosam Baeshen
dc.creatorThirumal Raj
dc.creatorFelipe Paiva Fonseca
dc.creatorPeter a. Brennan
dc.date.accessioned2023-08-22T20:26:45Z
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-09T00:39:53Z
dc.date.available2023-08-22T20:26:45Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12954
dc.identifier.issn0904-2512
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1843/58093
dc.languagepor
dc.publisherUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais
dc.relation.ispartofJournal of Oral Pathology & Medicine
dc.rightsAcesso Restrito
dc.subjectBoca - Câncer
dc.subjectLeucoplasia bucal
dc.subject.otherOral cancer
dc.subject.otherOral luekoplakia
dc.subject.otherOral squamous cell carcinoma
dc.subject.otherSmokeless tobacco
dc.subject.otherSudan
dc.subject.otherSystematic review
dc.subject.otherToombak
dc.titleIs toombak a risk factor for oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma? A systematic review
dc.typeArtigo de periódico
local.citation.epage109
local.citation.spage102
local.citation.volume49
local.description.resumoIntroduction: Toombak is a form of smokeless tobacco that is not well known in Western Society but is widely used by the Sudanese population and many others in the sub‐Sahara region. However, unlike other smokeless tobacco products, information on the carcinogenic potential of toombak is scarce. The present review explored any potential epidemiological association between the use of toombak and oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methods: Databases including the Web of Science, SCOPUS, EMBASE and PubMed were searched for literature on the potential association between toombak and oral leukoplakia and OSCC. The search also included grey literature. The search period extended from 1990 to 2018. Following data mining, the study selection was conducted by two reviewers independently. Results: Eight studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were included. Based on these results, there was a threefoldto sevenfold increased risk of developing the oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma among toombak users compared with non‐users. Conclusion: Based on the results of the systematic review, there is a strong epidemiological evidence to suggest toombak to be a major risk factor for both oral leukoplakia and OSCC. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the molecular pathway of toombak‐induced oral carcinogenesis.
local.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-3588-6178
local.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2032-4526
local.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1979-0263
local.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8323-2282
local.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3831-7455
local.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1079-1024
local.identifier.orcidhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6657-4547
local.publisher.countryBrasil
local.publisher.departmentFAO - DEPARTAMENTO DE ODONTOLOGIA RESTAURADORA
local.publisher.initialsUFMG
local.url.externahttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jop.12954

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