Efeito da intervenção física na funcionalidade de pessoas idosas com osteosarcopenia: uma revisão da literatura

Abstract

Introduction: Osteosarcopenia is an increasingly recognized clinical condition characterized by the coexistence of osteoporosis and sarcopenia, two highly prevalent age-related disorders that synergistically compromise bone and muscle health. This condition substantially increases the risk of falls, fractures, hospitalization, and loss of independence among older adults. Exercise-based interventions, especially resistance and multicomponent training, have shown potential to improve muscle strength, bone mineral density, and functional capacity, supporting healthier and more independent aging. Objective: To analyze the scientific evidence on the effects of physical exercise interventions on the functionality of older adults with osteosarcopenia. Methods: This narrative literature review included searches in PubMed, PEDro, LILACS, and ScienceDirect between March and April 2025. Randomized controlled trials published between 2015 and 2025 in English or Portuguese were included if they investigated physical exercise interventions (resistance, aerobic, functional, or multicomponent training) in older adults (≥60 years) diagnosed with osteosarcopenia and assessed functional outcomes. Of 60 identified studies, four met the eligibility criteria and were analyzed. Results: All selected studies applied supervised resistance training protocols, predominantly high-intensity, ranging from 28 weeks to 18 months. The interventions resulted in significant improvements in muscle strength, muscle mass, muscle quality, reduction of intermuscular fat, and maintenance or increase in bone mineral density. Standardized functional assessments demonstrated consistent improvements in gait speed and overall physical performance. One study reported partial loss of muscle adaptations after detraining, reinforcing the importance of sustained training to maintain long-term benefits. Conclusion: Supervised resistance training is an effective, safe, and clinically relevant strategy to improve functional performance in older adults with osteosarcopenia. Benefits include increased strength, improved mobility, better muscle quality, and preservation of bone health, which are key elements for maintaining independence during aging. Continuous training strategies should be implemented to prevent functional decline and promote long-term autonomy.