As vertentes do ódio : do cordial ao intolerável

Abstract

This investigation aims to discuss the conditions under which hate speech exists in its various forms of presentation within the social fabric from a psychoanalytic perspective. To do so, it was necessary to find the psychoanalytic foundations in Freud and Lacan that formulated and developed concepts enabling an examination of sociopolitical and unconscious aspects inherent in the discontent in culture that generates tensions in social relations. Through this examination, it became possible to identify that an image to be combated is what provides substance to hate speech. In light of this question, the investigation posed the query, "How does an enemy come into existence?" demonstrating that hate speech takes on a new dimension with the creation of an enemy, enabling actions aimed at neutralizing or eliminating individuals perceived as such. In this sense, hate speech manifests in three main forms: intolerant, cordial, or invisibilizing. Each form possesses specific characteristics that ultimately seek to maintain positions of power. The framing of this issue is intertwined with contemporary examples of necropolitics, cordiality, and the invisibilization of vulnerable populations that become targets of conservative and reactionary policies.