Classificação e análise hidrogeomorfológica de áreas úmidas do Alto São Francisco - MG

Abstract

This dissertation investigated the lithostructural and hydrogeomorphological factors that influence the distribution, configuration, and typology of wetlands in the Upper São Francisco region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The methodology was structured into four main steps: (i) detailed geomorphological mapping, with the delimitation of subunits based on lithostructural, topographic, and hydrological criteria; (ii) identification of zones with the highest potential for wetland occurrence using parameters such as relief, drainage, altitude, topographic wetness index (TWI), and ruggedness index (RI); (iii) selection of representative areas within subunits for comparative analysis across different geomorphological contexts; and (iv) development of a hydrogeomorphological classification proposal based on geomorphological processes, hydrological dynamics, and the spatial position of wetlands in the landscape. The mapping identified sectors favorable to wetland occurrence, especially in areas with pelitic-carbonatic lithologies, unconsolidated deposits, and zones controlled by morphotectonic structures. The analysis of relief attributes indicated that elements such as topography, ruggedness, and water retention capacity strongly influence the distribution and types of wetlands. Environments controlled by fluvial processes, karst dissolution, or flooding presented distinct patterns of shape and functioning, reflecting the geomorphological diversity of the basin. The proposed classification grouped different wetland typologies and was built on morphogenetic criteria (sedimentation, erosion, and dissolution), hydrological regimes (inundation, flooding, and mixed), and landscape insertion, allowing an integrated interpretation of the processes that shape these environments. This systematization contributes to organizing knowledge about the wetlands of the Upper São Francisco and better clarifies their role in hydrological and geomorphological functioning. The results achieved the proposed objectives, demonstrating that the distribution and configuration of wetlands are directly related to factors such as lithology, relief structure, and hydrological dynamics. The geomorphological mapping revealed compartments with higher potential for wetland occurrence, while the comparative analysis among subunits highlighted distinct spatial patterns associated with fluvial, floodplain, and karst processes. The developed hydrogeomorphological classification synthesizes these patterns by combining morphogenetic, hydrological, and landscape position criteria. This approach supports a comprehensive analysis of wetlands in the Upper São Francisco and provides technical support for their conservation, especially in the context of increasing anthropogenic pressure and the lack of specific guidelines addressing these environments in the Brazilian Cerrado.