Vigilância metagenômica de corpos d'água na amazônia: uma abordagem de Saúde Única

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is currently one of the greatest global threats to public health, especially in regions burdened by structural inequality and environmental degradation. In the Brazilian Amazon, factors such as unregulated urban expansion, deforestation, and the lack of basic sanitation contribute to the emergence and spread of waterborne diseases and genetic elements associated with resistance. In this context, genomic surveillance of aquatic environments stands out as an essential approach to understanding emerging ecological and sanitary risks. This thesis proposes an integrated environmental metagenomics approach applied to the surveillance of freshwater ecosystems in the Amazon region. Based on metagenomic data from water samples collected in the State of Pará, microbial communities were characterized, antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) were identified, and their possible associations with environmental and anthropogenic variables were evaluated. Additionally, the work includes an investigation of viral diversity in Amazonian freshwater ecosystems, as well as a critical review of computational tools for in silico phage discovery, contributing to the consolidation of methodological frameworks in viral metagenomics. The results reinforce the importance of metagenomics as a tool for environmental monitoring and public health surveillance, expanding our understanding of the impacts of human activity on Amazonian aquatic microbiota under the conceptual framework of One Health.