Uma revisão sistemática do papel da agricultura urbana na conservação da biodiversidade e serviços ecossistêmicos

Abstract

Green infrastructure in urban areas provides multifunctional functions and harbors a wide range of benefits, such as biodiversity conservation and food production through Urban Agriculture (UA). There is a consensus that UA has the potential to increase biodiversity and maintain ecosystem services (ES). It is known that pollination and biological control ES are important for agricultural production, but studies in the urban context are lacking. We conducted a systematic review to answer the following questions: (1) How can urban agriculture contribute to the conservation of urban biodiversity and the maintenance of biological control and pollination ecosystem services? On the other hand, (2) How does biodiversity contribute to urban agriculture? We also propose a systematization of the terms used to designate spaces occupied by Urban Agriculture in cities. Following the PRISMA protocol, 37 papers were included in this review, most of which were carried out in North America. Ten different types of spaces occupied by urban agriculture were identified. The types of production were categorized into three types, with food production being the most frequent. A total of 600 species of animals, divided into 62 families, associated with UA spaces were also surveyed. The most represented families in the study were groups of bees (Halictidae, Apidae, Andrenidae), directly related to pollination ES. For the biological control service, the Coccinelidae family, which are widely known for their efficiency as predatory insects, were the most commonly recorded. Biological control in urban agroecosystems is directly related to the diversity of ornamental flowers. In total, 201 plant species were recorded, divided into 50 families and 301 crops, with the most represented families being Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Solanaceae, Cucubitaceae and Apiaceae. 25 crops were found to be dependent on pollination, highlighting the importance of ES for this UA. This review has demonstrated the large number of species found in UA areas, but studies are still needed to understand how local and landscape factors influence and shape urban biodiversity and its ecosystem functions in urban green areas. We also suggest using the systematization of the terms of the spaces occupied by UA to promote a solid basis for future investigations of UA.