Gramsci e os intelectuais, dos orgânicos aos lorianos: uma faceta para pensar o bolsonarismo

Abstract

The article is about the conceptualization of intellectual developed by Antonio Gramsci in its different categories, covering the extension that it acquires in the thought of the Sardinian author, seeking to elucidate the place intellectuals assume in the political and social struggle. This is a bibliographical study mainly centered on the production elaborated by Gramsci during his imprisonment. The whole of the Prison Notebooks, the Italian Critical Edition, some of the most important commentaries on the author, and excerpts from the Letters from Prison were examined. The intellectual concept acquires great amplitude in Gramscian thought due to this action’s organizational expression and indispensability in delineating the entire social fabric. From the traditional intellectuals to the organic, cosmopolitan, national-popular, and even the contentious Lorianists and Brescianists, as fundamental agents in the diffusion and consolidation of world conceptions and operative behaviors, they play an indispensable role in any political, economic, and social organization. Such a categorization of intellectuals can be translated to the present. In this way, the compendium of the Gramscian concept of intellectual shows itself as a relevant resource also in understanding our time, the current order of the Brazilian social-political fabric, which enabled the rise of Bolsonaro to power and, despite all the crisis experienced, still holds a significant percentage of supporters, elucidating that its real overcoming will require an intellectual and moral reform, ratifying the cultural struggle inherent every political struggle.