A construção do FUNDEB permanente : uma análise dos fatores de influência na tramitação da PEC 15/2015

Abstract

The permanent version of the Fundo de Manutenção e Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica e de Valorização dos Profissionais da Educação (Fundeb) was approved in 2020 through Constitutional Amendment n. 108 and brought significant changes compared to its previous version. Discussions regarding the constitutionalization of Fundeb began in 2015 when the Constitutional Amendment Proposal (PEC) 15/2015 was created, and the Special Commission for the Permanent Fundeb was established. The construction of the new fund involved the participation of various stakeholders and went through three different administrations with distinct priorities. Its approval occurred during the Bolsonaro administration, which had a contrary position about various Fundeb provisions. So, the constitutionalization of the fund represented a clear defeat for the then-president, which justified the study conducted here.This work aims to analyze the main factors influencing decisions related to the PEC mentioned before, focusing on changes related to the federal supplementation and the incorporation of the Custo Aluno Qualidade, two significant changes. To achieve this, the research presented here reconstructs the trajectory of the decision-making process of the permanent Fundeb using the process tracing method, in order to identify the elements that influenced the PEC's progress from 2015 to 2020, both in terms of the legislative process and the contributions of actors and interest groups involved in the discussions. The results highlight determining forces that drove efforts towards the approval of the PEC, such as the priorization of the matter on the legislative agenda and the involvement of actors external to the Special Committee for the Permanent Fundeb, who consolidated a trajectory of debates built and strengthened by societal interests. The political landscape at the time made it difficult for the approval of the PEC to be reversed by pressure from the Federal Government in office at that time.