A Influência da Etnia e dos Polimorfismos Genéticos na Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono: Uma Revisão Sistemática e Meta-análise

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep. This study aimed to investigate the influence of genetic polymorphisms and ethnicity on the occurrence and severity of OSA through a systematic review and meta-analysis. The research was conducted based on the Cochrane Library Guideline and written according to the PRISMA checklist. The protocol was previously registered on the PROSPERO platform under the code #CRD42024548801. Information was retrieved from the electronic databases MEDLINE (via PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, LILACS, WPRIM, and CENTRAL (via Cochrane Library) up to June 2024. The eligibility criteria included observational studies evaluating the effects of genetic polymorphisms and ethnicity on the occurrence of OSA. Exclusion criteria ruled out studies involving children or adolescents, studies that did not separate data by ethnicity or race, those that did not address the genetic basis of OSA, and studies that did not report ORs. The analysis of five studies involving 3,606 individuals revealed a moderate association between genetic polymorphisms and OSA (OR 1.25; 95% CI: 0.85–1.86), with significant heterogeneity (I² = 76%). Ethnic subgroups showed notable variations, with Brazilian individuals of European ancestry presenting a higher risk (OR 2.80; 95% CI: 1.11–7.08), while individuals of African ancestry exhibited a protective effect (OR 0.26; 95% CI: 0.09–0.74). These findings underscore the importance of personalized approaches in the clinical management of OSA, considering genetic and ethnic differences.