Linguagem, experiência e história : diagnóstico de tempo e tarefa da filosofia em Theodor W. Adorno

Abstract

This thesis investigates the relationship between philosophy and its commitments to the present from the elaboration of the time diagnosis in the work of Theodor W. Adorno, establishing as cut, for this purpose, two moments of his production: i) three texts of his philosophy in the early 30s – Atualidade da filosofia, Ideia de história natural and Teses sobre a linguagem do filósofo; ii) his production of the mid-40s, whose main reference is his work four hands written with Max Horkheimer, the Dialética do esclarecimento. Such proposal is based on an understanding of the methodology of time diagnosis, understood as a philosophical understanding of the correlation between experience and language under the mediation of history, something whose operative grammar can be conceived through idea of natural history. As a structural unfolding of this conception, we propose its presentation through three theoretical movements: i) approach to the extrinsic aspects of the diagnosis, understood under the multiplicity of tendencies embedded in cultural, academic, political and ideological transformations; ii) approach to the philosophical critique of philosophy undertaken by the author via its respective settling of scores with the philosophical tradition pertinent to the discussions inherent to the diagnoses themselves; iii) presentation and analysis of the philosophical project proposed by the author as an unfolding of philosophical tasks for the present time from the very establishment of the time diagnosis itself. With this approach, this thesis seeks to affirm natural history as the meaning of Adorno’s diagnosis of time as a critical-philosophical potential and through which it is possible to conceive a philosophy that is able, at the same time, to affirm the tasks of the present and to live up to them.