Efeito das palmilhas na biomecânica de membros inferiores e tronco de corredores: uma revisão de literatura

Abstract

Introduction: Biomechanical insoles are frequently recommended to treat foot pronation movement disorders during running and consequently prevent and rehabilitate running injuries and improve performance. Objective: This study aimed to review the literature on the effects of different types of insoles on the kinematics and kinetics of lower limbs and trunk in amateur, recreational, and professional runners. Methodology: A narrative literature review was conducted. The search was performed in the PubMed database during April 2025. There was no limitation on publication dates, and the search was limited to articles in Spanish, English, and Portuguese. Results: Thirteen studies were analyzed, totaling 303 individuals. Regarding the type of insole, six studies evaluated insoles with arch support and medial wedge in the forefoot and hindfoot, four studies evaluated only insoles with arch support, two studies evaluated insoles with medial wedge only in the hindfoot, two studies evaluated insoles with lateral wedge only in the hindfoot, and only one study evaluated insoles with medial wedge only in the forefoot. The results indicated that insoles with arch support and medial wedge promoted positive effects on the ankle-foot complex, highlighting the reduction of peak eversion, modulation of ankle kinetics, and improvement in plantar pressure distribution. Although improvements were identified in spatiotemporal variables and ground reaction force, these effects were not as pronounced. Furthermore, in the hip and knee, a tendency towards reduced joint range of motion was observed in the frontal and transverse planes, although some studies did not find significant effects, evidencing individual variability in responses. Conclusion: It is concluded that insoles can influence biomechanical parameters of running, mainly in the ankle-foot complex, showing potential to optimize movement patterns and contribute to the reduction of mechanical overload.