Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Página do item simplificado
dc.creatorHmwe Hmwekyu
dc.creatorSamuel B. Albertson
dc.creatorNayereh Baghcheghi
dc.creatorSara Bagherieh
dc.creatorAtif Amin Baig
dc.creatorMaciej Banach
dc.creatorIndrajit Banerjee
dc.creatorMainak Bardhan
dc.creatorFrancesco Barone-adesi
dc.creatorHiba Jawdat Barqawi
dc.creatorAmadou Barrow
dc.creatorAzadeh Bashiri
dc.creatorJoseph Jon Frostad
dc.creatorQuique Bassat
dc.creatorAbdul-monim Mohammad Batiha
dc.creatorAbate Bekele Belachew
dc.creatorMelaku Ashagrie Belete
dc.creatorUzma Iqbal Belgaumi
dc.creatorAkshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
dc.creatorNikha Bhardwaj
dc.creatorPankaj Bhardwaj
dc.creatorParth Bhatt
dc.creatorVijayalakshmi s Bhojaraja
dc.creatorKatrin Burkart
dc.creatorZulfiqar A. Bhutta
dc.creatorSoumitra S. Bhuyan
dc.creatorAli Bijani
dc.creatorSaeid Bitaraf
dc.creatorBelay Boda Abule Bodicha
dc.creatorNikolay Ivanovich Briko
dc.creatorDanilo Buonsenso
dc.creatorMuhammad Hammad Butt
dc.creatorJiao Cai
dc.creatorPaulo Camargos
dc.creatorFiona B. Bennitt
dc.creatorLuis Alberto Cámera
dc.creatorPromit Ananyo Chakraborty
dc.creatorMuluken Genetu Chanie
dc.creatorJaykaran Charan
dc.creatorVijay Kumar Chattu
dc.creatorPatrick R. Ching
dc.creatorSungchul Choi
dc.creatorYuen yu Chong
dc.creatorSonali Gajanan Choudhari
dc.creatorEnayet Karim Chowdhury
dc.creatorJeff T. Zhao
dc.creatorDevasahayam j Christopher
dc.creatorDinh-toi Chu
dc.creatorNatalie L. Cobb
dc.creatorAaron J. Cohen
dc.creatorNatália Cruz Martins
dc.creatorOmid Dadras
dc.creatorFentaw Teshome Dagnaw
dc.creatorXiaochen Dai
dc.creatorLalit Dandona
dc.creatorRakhi Dandona
dc.creatorWilliam M. Gardner
dc.creatorAn Thi Minh Dao
dc.creatorSisay Abebe Debela
dc.creatorBiniyam Demisse
dc.creatorFitsum Wolde Demisse
dc.creatorSolomon Demissie
dc.creatorDiriba Dereje
dc.creatorHardik Dineshbhai Desai
dc.creatorAbebaw Alemayehu Desta
dc.creatorBelay Desye
dc.creatorSameer Dhingra
dc.creatorHailey Hagins
dc.creatorNancy Diao
dc.creatorDaniel Diaz
dc.creatorLankamo Ena Digesa
dc.creatorLinh Phuong Doan
dc.creatorMilad Dodangeh
dc.creatorDeepa Dongarwar
dc.creatorFariba Dorostkar
dc.creatorWendel Mombaque Dos Santos
dc.creatorHaneil Larson Dsouza
dc.creatorEleonora Dubljanin
dc.creatorDana Bryazka
dc.creatorOyewole Christopher Durojaiye
dc.creatorHisham Atan Edinur
dc.creatorElham Ehsani-chimeh
dc.creatorEbrahim Eini
dc.creatorMichael Ekholuenetale
dc.creatorTemitope Cyrus Ekundayo
dc.creatorEman D. el Desouky
dc.creatorIman el Sayed
dc.creatorMaysaa el Sayed Zaki
dc.creatorMuhammed Elhadi
dc.creatorRegina-mae Villanueva Dominguez
dc.creatorAhmed Mahmoud Rabie Elkhapery
dc.creatorAmir Emami
dc.creatorLuchuo Engelbert Bain
dc.creatorRyenchindorj Erkhembayar
dc.creatorFarshid Etaee
dc.creatorMohamad Ezati Asar
dc.creatorAdeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe
dc.creatorShahab Falahi
dc.creatorAida Fallahzadeh
dc.creatorAnwar Faraj
dc.creatorSemagn Mekonnen Abate
dc.creatorEmerito Jose A. Faraon
dc.creatorAli Fatehizadeh
dc.creatorPietro Ferrara
dc.creatorAllegra Allegra Ferrari
dc.creatorGetahun Fetensa
dc.creatorFlorian Fischer
dc.creatorJoanne Flavel
dc.creatorMasoud Foroutan
dc.creatorPeter Andras Gaal
dc.creatorAbhay Motiramji Gaidhane
dc.creatorAvina Vongpradith
dc.creatorMichael Abdelmasseh
dc.creatorSantosh Gaihre
dc.creatorNasrin Galehdar
dc.creatorAlberto L. Garcia-basteiro
dc.creatorTushar Garg
dc.creatorMesfin Damtew Gebrehiwot
dc.creatorMathewos Alemu Gebremichael
dc.creatorYibeltal Yismaw Gela
dc.creatorBelete Negese Belete Gemeda
dc.creatorBradford D. Gessner
dc.creatorMelaku Getachew
dc.creatorAmir Abdoli
dc.creatorAsmare Getie
dc.creatorSeyyed-hadi Ghamari
dc.creatorMohammad Ghasemi Nour
dc.creatorAhmad Ghashghaee
dc.creatorAli Gholamrezanezhad
dc.creatorAbdolmajid Gholizadeh
dc.creatorRakesh Ghosh
dc.creatorSherief Ghozy
dc.creatorPouya Goleij
dc.creatorMohamad Golitaleb
dc.creatorGholamreza Abdoli
dc.creatorGiuseppe Gorini
dc.creatorAlessandra C. Goulart
dc.creatorGirma Garedew Goyomsa
dc.creatorHabtamu Alganeh Guadie
dc.creatorZewdie Gudisa
dc.creatorRashid Abdi Guled
dc.creatorSapna Gupta
dc.creatorVeer Bala Gupta
dc.creatorVivek Kumar Gupta
dc.creatorAlemu Guta
dc.creatorAidin Abedi
dc.creatorParham Habibzadeh
dc.creatorArvin Haj-mirzaian
dc.creatorRabih Halwani
dc.creatorSamer Hamidi
dc.creatorM. D. Abdul Hannan
dc.creatorMehdi Harorani
dc.creatorAhmed I. Hasaballah
dc.creatorHamidreza Hasani
dc.creatorAbbas M. Hassan
dc.creatorShokoufeh Hassani
dc.creatorVida Abedi
dc.creatorHossein Hassanian-moghaddam
dc.creatorHadi Hassankhani
dc.creatorKhezar Hayat
dc.creatorBehzad Heibati
dc.creatorMohammad Heidari
dc.creatorDemisu Zenbaba Heyi
dc.creatorKamal Hezam
dc.creatorRamesh Holla
dc.creatorSung Hwi Hong
dc.creatorNobuyuki Horita
dc.creatorTadesse M. Abegaz
dc.creatorMohammad-salar Hosseini
dc.creatorMehdi Hosseinzadeh
dc.creatorMihaela Hostiuc
dc.creatorMowafa Househ
dc.creatorSoodabeh Hoveidamanesh
dc.creatorJunjie Huang
dc.creatorNawfal R. Hussein
dc.creatorIvo Iavicoli
dc.creatorSegun Emmanuel Ibitoye
dc.creatorKevin S. Ikuta
dc.creatorHassan Abidi
dc.creatorOlayinka Stephen Ilesanmi
dc.creatorIrena M. Ilic
dc.creatorMilena D. Ilic
dc.creatorMustapha Immurana
dc.creatorNahlah Elkudssiah Ismail
dc.creatorMasao Iwagami
dc.creatorJalil Jaafari
dc.creatorElham Jamshidi
dc.creatorSung-in Jang
dc.creatorAmirreza Javadi Mamaghani
dc.creatorRichard Gyan Aboagye
dc.creatorTahereh Javaheri
dc.creatorFatemeh Javanmardi
dc.creatorJavad Javidnia
dc.creatorSathish Kumar Jayapal
dc.creatorUmesh Jayarajah
dc.creatorShubha Jayaram
dc.creatorAlelign Tasew Jema
dc.creatorWonjeong Jeong
dc.creatorJost B. Jonas
dc.creatorNitin Joseph
dc.creatorHassan Abolhassani
dc.creatorFarahnaz Joukar
dc.creatorJacek Jerzy Jozwiak
dc.creatorVaishali K.
dc.creatorZubair Kabir
dc.creatorSalah Eddine Oussama Kacimi
dc.creatorVidya Kadashetti
dc.creatorLaleh R. Kalankesh
dc.creatorRohollah Kalhor
dc.creatorAshwin Kamath
dc.creatorBhushan Dattatray Kamble
dc.creatorYonas Derso Abtew
dc.creatorHimal Kandel
dc.creatorTesfaye K. Kanko
dc.creatorIbraheem M. Karaye
dc.creatorAndré Karch
dc.creatorSamad Karkhah
dc.creatorBekalu Getnet Kassa
dc.creatorPatrick Dmc Katoto
dc.creatorHarkiran Kaur
dc.creatorRimple Jeet Kaur
dc.creatorLeila Keikavoosi-arani
dc.creatorSarah Brooke Sirota
dc.creatorHiwa Abubaker Ali
dc.creatorMohammad Keykhaei
dc.creatorYousef Saleh Khader
dc.creatorHimanshu Khajuria
dc.creatorEjaz Ahmad Khan
dc.creatorGulfaraz Khan
dc.creatorImteyaz A. Khan
dc.creatorMaseer Khan
dc.creatorNuruzzaman Khan
dc.creatorMoien ab Khan
dc.creatorYusra h Khan
dc.creatorEman Abu-gharbieh
dc.creatorMoawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh
dc.creatorMina Khosravifar
dc.creatorMin Seo Kim
dc.creatorRuth W. Kimokoti
dc.creatorAdnan Kisa
dc.creatorSezer Kisa
dc.creatorNiranjan Kissoon
dc.creatorLuke D. Knibbs
dc.creatorSonali Kochhar
dc.creatorAhmed Abu-zaid
dc.creatorFarzad Kompani
dc.creatorHamid Reza Koohestani
dc.creatorJagdish Khubchandani
dc.creatorSoewarta Kosen
dc.creatorParvaiz A. Koul
dc.creatorAi Koyanagi
dc.creatorKewal Krishan
dc.creatorBarthelemy Kuate Defo
dc.creatorG Anil Kumar
dc.creatorOm P. Kurmi
dc.creatorKidist Adamu
dc.creatorAmbily Kuttikkattu
dc.creatorDharmesh Kumar Lal
dc.creatorJudit Lám
dc.creatorIván Landires
dc.creatorCaterina Ledda
dc.creatorSang-woong Lee
dc.creatorMiriam Levi
dc.creatorGang Liu
dc.creatorWei Liu
dc.creatorIsaac Yeboah Addo
dc.creatorRakesh Lodha
dc.creatorLászló Lorenzovici
dc.creatorMojgan Lotfi
dc.creatorJoana A. Loureiro
dc.creatorFarzan Madadizadeh
dc.creatorAta Mahmoodpoor
dc.creatorRazzagh Mahmoudi
dc.creatorMarzieh Mahmoudimanesh
dc.creatorJamal Majidpoor
dc.creatorAlaa Makki
dc.creatorOyelola A. Adegboye
dc.creatorElaheh Malakan Rad
dc.creatorAhmad Azam Malik
dc.creatorTauqeer Hussain Mallhi
dc.creatorYosef Manla
dc.creatorClara N. Matei
dc.creatorAlexander G. Mathioudakis
dc.creatorRichard James Maude
dc.creatorEntezar Mehrabi Nasab
dc.creatorAddisu Melese
dc.creatorZiad A. Memish
dc.creatorMohammad Adnan
dc.creatorOliver Mendoza-cano
dc.creatorAlexios-fotios A. Mentis
dc.creatorTuomo J. Meretoja
dc.creatorMehari Woldemariam Merid
dc.creatorTomislav Mestrovic
dc.creatorAna Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá
dc.creatorGelana Fekadu Worku Mijena
dc.creatorle Huu Nhat Minh
dc.creatorShabir Ahmad Mir
dc.creatorReza Mirfakhraie
dc.creatorQorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani
dc.creatorSeyyedmohammadsadeq Mirmoeeni
dc.creatorAgha Zeeshan Mirza
dc.creatorMoonis Mirza
dc.creatorMohammad Mirza-aghazadeh-attari
dc.creatorAbay Sisay Misganaw
dc.creatorAwoke Temesgen Misganaw
dc.creatorEsmaeil Mohammadi
dc.creatorMokhtar Mohammadi
dc.creatorArif Mohammed
dc.creatorShafiu Mohammed
dc.creatorMuhammad Sohail Afzal
dc.creatorSyam Mohan
dc.creatorMohammad Mohseni
dc.creatorNagabhishek Moka
dc.creatorAli H. Mokdad
dc.creatorSara Momtazmanesh
dc.creatorLorenzo Monasta
dc.creatormd Moniruzzaman
dc.creatorVladimir Andreevich Korshunov
dc.creatorSonia Lewycka
dc.creatorFateme Montazeri
dc.creatorCatrin E. Moore
dc.creatorAbdolvahab Moradi
dc.creatorSaira Afzal
dc.creatorLidia Morawska
dc.creatorJonathan F. Mosser
dc.creatorEbrahim Mostafavi
dc.creatorMajid Motaghinejad
dc.creatorSeyed Ali Mousavi-aghdas
dc.creatorSumaira Mubarik
dc.creatorEfrén Murillo-zamora
dc.creatorGhulam Mustafa
dc.creatorSanjeev Nair
dc.creatorAmanda Novotney
dc.creatorBright Opoku Ahinkorah
dc.creatorTapas Sadasivan Nair
dc.creatorHoushang Najafi
dc.creatorAtta Abbas Naqvi
dc.creatorSreenivas Narasimha Swamy
dc.creatorZuhair S. Natto
dc.creatorBiswa Prakash Nayak
dc.creatorSeyed Aria Nejadghaderi
dc.creatorHuy Van Nguyen Nguyen
dc.creatorRobina Khan Niazi
dc.creatorAntonio Tolentino Nogueira de Sá
dc.creatorAqeel Ahmad
dc.creatorHasti Nouraei
dc.creatorAli Nowroozi
dc.creatorVirginia Nuñez-samudio
dc.creatorChimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam
dc.creatorOgochukwu Janet Nzoputam
dc.creatorBogdan Oancea
dc.creatorChimedsuren Ochir
dc.creatorOluwakemi Ololade Odukoya
dc.creatorHassan Okati-aliabad
dc.creatorAkinkunmi Paul Okekunle
dc.creatorAraz Ramazan Ahmad
dc.creatorOsaretin Christabel Okonji
dc.creatorAndrew T. Olagunju
dc.creatorIsaac Iyinoluwa Olufadewa
dc.creatorAhmed Omar Bali
dc.creatorEmad Omer
dc.creatorEyal Oren
dc.creatorErika Ota
dc.creatorNikita Otstavnov
dc.creatorAbderrahim Oulhaj
dc.creatorMahesh P. A.
dc.creatorSajjad Ahmad
dc.creatorJagadish Rao Padubidri
dc.creatorKeyvan Pakshir
dc.creatorReza Pakzad
dc.creatorTamás Palicz
dc.creatorAnamika Pandey
dc.creatorSuman Pant
dc.creatorShahina Pardhan
dc.creatorEun-cheol Park
dc.creatorEun-kee Park
dc.creatorFatemeh Pashazadeh Kan
dc.creatorAli Ahmadi
dc.creatorRajan Paudel
dc.creatorShrikant Pawar
dc.creatorMinjin Peng
dc.creatorGavin Pereira
dc.creatorSimone Perna
dc.creatorHaleh Mousavi Isfahani
dc.creatorNavaraj Perumalsamy
dc.creatorIonela-roxana Petcu
dc.creatorDavid M. Pigott
dc.creatorZahra Zahid Piracha
dc.creatorVivek Podder
dc.creatorSepideh Ahmadi
dc.creatorRoman V. Polibin
dc.creatorMaarten J. Postma
dc.creatorHamid Pourasghari
dc.creatorNaeimeh Pourtaheri
dc.creatorMirza Muhammad Fahd Qadir
dc.creatorMathieu Raad
dc.creatorNavid Rabiee
dc.creatorSaber Raeghi
dc.creatorAlireza Rafiei
dc.creatorHaroon Ahmed
dc.creatorFakher Rahim
dc.creatorMehran Rahimi
dc.creatorVafa Rahimi-movaghar
dc.creatorAzizur Rahman
dc.creatorObaidur Rahman
dc.creatorMosiur Rahman
dc.creatorMuhammad Aziz Rahman
dc.creatorAmir Masoud Rahmani
dc.creatorVahid Rahmanian
dc.creatorPradhum Ram
dc.creatorJivan Qasim Ahmed
dc.creatorKiana Ramezanzadeh
dc.creatorJuwel Rana
dc.creatorPriyanga Ranasinghe
dc.creatorUsha Rani
dc.creatorSowmya J. Rao
dc.creatorSina Rashedi
dc.creatorMohammad-mahdi Rashidi
dc.creatorAzad Rasul
dc.creatorZubair Ahmed Ratan
dc.creatorDavid Laith Rawaf
dc.creatorTarik Ahmed Rashid
dc.creatorSalman Rawaf
dc.creatorReza Rawassizadeh
dc.creatorMohammad Sadegh Razeghinia
dc.creatorElrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan
dc.creatorMarissa B. Reitsma
dc.creatorAndre M. N. Renzaho
dc.creatorMohsen Rezaeian
dc.creatorAbanoub Riad
dc.creatorReza Rikhtegar
dc.creatorJefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez
dc.creatorMostafa Akbarzadeh-khiavi
dc.creatorEmma L. B. Rogowski
dc.creatorLuca Ronfani
dc.creatorKristina E. Rudd
dc.creatorBasema Saddik
dc.creatorErfan Sadeghi
dc.creatorUmar Saeed
dc.creatorAzam Safary
dc.creatorSher Zaman Safi
dc.creatorMaryam Sahebazzamani
dc.creatorAmirhossein Sahebkar
dc.creatorChristopher E. Troeger
dc.creatorHanadi al Hamad
dc.creatorSateesh Sakhamuri
dc.creatorSana Salehi
dc.creatorMuhammad Salman
dc.creatorMohammad Rabiee
dc.creatorHossein Samadi Kafil
dc.creatorAbdallah M. Samy
dc.creatorMilena M. Santric-milicevic
dc.creatorBruno Piassi Sao Jose
dc.creatorBrijesh Sathian
dc.creatorMonika Sawhney
dc.creatorLuciana Albano
dc.creatorGanesh Kumar Saya
dc.creatorAbdul-aziz Seidu
dc.creatorAllen Seylani
dc.creatorAmira A. Shaheen
dc.creatorMasood Ali Shaikh
dc.creatorElaheh Shaker
dc.creatorHina Shamshad
dc.creatorMequannent Melaku Sharew
dc.creatorAsaad Sharhani
dc.creatorAzam Sharifi
dc.creatorMamoon A. Aldeyab
dc.creatorPurva Sharma
dc.creatorAli Sheidaei
dc.creatorSuchitra m Shenoy
dc.creatorJeevan K. Shetty
dc.creatorDamtew Solomon Shiferaw
dc.creatorMika Shigematsu
dc.creatorJae il Shin
dc.creatorHesamaddin Shirzad-aski
dc.creatorK. M. Shivakumar
dc.creatorSiddharudha Shivalli
dc.creatorBezatu Mengistie Alemu
dc.creatorParnian Shobeiri
dc.creatorWudneh Simegn
dc.creatorColin R. Simpson
dc.creatorHarpreet Singh
dc.creatorJasvinder A. Singh
dc.creatorParamdeep Singh
dc.creatorSamarjeet Singh Siwal
dc.creatorValentin Yurievich Skryabin
dc.creatorAnna Aleksandrovna Skryabina
dc.creatorMohammad Sadegh Soltani-zangbar
dc.creatorKefyalew Addis Alene
dc.creatorSuhang Song
dc.creatorYimeng Song
dc.creatorPrashant Sood
dc.creatorChandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
dc.creatorPaschalis Steiropoulos
dc.creatorMuhammad Suleman
dc.creatorSeyed-amir Tabatabaeizadeh
dc.creatorAlireza Tahamtan
dc.creatorMajid Taheri
dc.creatorMoslem Taheri Soodejani
dc.creatorAbdelazeem M. Algammal
dc.creatorElahe Taki
dc.creatorIman M. Talaat
dc.creatorMircea Tampa
dc.creatorSarmila Tandukar
dc.creatorNathan y Tat
dc.creatorVivian y Tat
dc.creatorYibekal Manaye Tefera
dc.creatorGebremaryam Temesgen
dc.creatorMohamad-hani Temsah
dc.creatorAzene Tesfaye
dc.creatorFadwa Alhalaiqa Naji Alhalaiqa
dc.creatorDegefa Gomora Tesfaye
dc.creatorBelay Tessema
dc.creatorRekha Thapar
dc.creatorJansje Henny Vera Ticoalu
dc.creatorAmir Tiyuri
dc.creatorImad I. Tleyjeh
dc.creatorMunkhsaikhan Togtmol
dc.creatorMarcos Roberto Tovani-palone
dc.creatorDerara Girma Tufa
dc.creatorIrfan Ullah
dc.creatorMaryam Sarkhosh
dc.creatorRobert Kaba Alhassan
dc.creatorEra Upadhyay
dc.creatorSahel Valadan Tahbaz
dc.creatorPascual R. Valdez
dc.creatorRohollah Valizadeh
dc.creatorConstantine Vardavas
dc.creatorTommi Juhani Vasankari
dc.creatorBay Vo
dc.creatorLinh Gia vu
dc.creatorBirhanu Wagaye
dc.creatorYasir Waheed
dc.creatorBeriwan Abdulqadir Ali
dc.creatorYu Wang
dc.creatorAbdul Waris
dc.creatorT. Eoin West
dc.creatorNuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
dc.creatorXiaoyue xu
dc.creatorSajad Yaghoubi
dc.creatorGahin Abdulraheem Tayib Yahya
dc.creatorSeyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari
dc.creatorDong Keon Yon
dc.creatorNaohiro Yonemoto
dc.creatorLiaqat Ali
dc.creatorBurhan Abdullah Zaman
dc.creatorAlireza Zandifar
dc.creatorMoein Zangiabadian
dc.creatorHeather J. Zar
dc.creatorIman Zare
dc.creatorZahra Zareshahrabadi
dc.creatorArmin Zarrintan
dc.creatorMikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
dc.creatorwu Zeng
dc.creatorMengxi Zhang
dc.creatorMatthew C. Doxey
dc.creatorMusa Mohammed Ali
dc.creatorZhi-jiang Zhang
dc.creatorChenwen Zhong
dc.creatorMohammad Zoladl
dc.creatorAlimuddin Zumla
dc.creatorStephen S. Lim
dc.creatorTheo Vos
dc.creatorMohsen Naghavi
dc.creatorMichael Brauer
dc.creatorSimon I. Hay
dc.creatorChristopher J. L. Murray
dc.creatorSyed Shujait Ali
dc.creatorYousef Alimohamadi
dc.creatorVahid Alipour
dc.creatorAdel Al-jumaily
dc.creatorSyed Mohamed Aljunid
dc.creatorSami Almustanyir
dc.creatorRajaa M. Al-raddadi
dc.creatorRami H. Hani Al-rifai
dc.creatorSaif Aldeen S. Alryalat
dc.creatorRose G. Bender
dc.creatorNelson J. Alvis-zakzuk
dc.creatorEdward Kwabena Ameyaw
dc.creatorJavad Javad Aminian Dehkordi
dc.creatorJohn H. Amuasi
dc.creatorDickson A. Amugsi
dc.creatorEtsay Woldu Anbesu
dc.creatorAdnan Ansar
dc.creatorAnayochukwu Edward Anyasodor
dc.creatorJalal Arabloo
dc.creatorJorge R. Ledesma
dc.creatorDemelash Areda
dc.creatorAyele Mamo Argaw
dc.creatorZeleke Gebru Argaw
dc.creatorJudie Arulappan
dc.creatorRaphael Taiwo Aruleba
dc.creatorMulusew A. Asemahagn
dc.creatorSeyyed Shamsadin Athari
dc.creatorDaniel Atlaw
dc.creatorEngi F. Attia
dc.creatorSameh Attia
dc.creatorMolly H. Biehl
dc.creatorAvinash Aujayeb
dc.creatorTewachew Awoke
dc.creatorNelson Alvis-guzman
dc.creatorTegegn Mulatu Ayana
dc.creatorMartin Amogre Ayanore
dc.creatorSina Azadnajafabad
dc.creatorMohammadreza Azangou-khyavy
dc.creatorSamad Azari
dc.creatorAmirhossein Azari Jafari
dc.creatorMuhammad Badar
dc.creatorAshish D. Badiye
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-18T19:56:36Z
dc.date.accessioned2025-09-09T00:01:39Z
dc.date.available2024-09-18T19:56:36Z
dc.date.issued2022
dc.description.abstractHistórico: A carga global de infecções respiratórias inferiores (IRLs) e fatores de risco correspondentes em crianças maiores de 5 anos e adultos não foi estudada de forma tão abrangente quanto em crianças menores de 5 anos. Avaliamos a carga e as tendências de IRLs e fatores de risco em todas as faixas etárias por sexo, para 204 países e territórios. Métodos: Nesta análise de dados para o Estudo de Carga Global de Doenças, Lesões e Fatores de Risco (GBD) 2019, usamos pneumonia ou bronquiolite diagnosticada por médico como nossa definição de caso para IRLs. Incluímos os códigos 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7 e 487–489 da Classificação Internacional de Doenças da 9ª edição e os códigos A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4 e U04–U04.9 da Classificação Internacional de Doenças da 10ª edição. Usamos a estratégia de modelagem Cause of Death Ensemble para analisar 23.109 anos-local de dados de registro vital, 825 anos-local de dados de registro vital de amostra, 1.766 anos-local de dados de autópsia verbal e 681 anos-local de dados de vigilância de mortalidade. Usamos o DisMod-MR 2.1, uma ferramenta de metarregressão bayesiana, para analisar dados de incidência e prevalência específicos de idade e sexo identificados por meio de revisões sistemáticas da literatura, dados de pesquisas populacionais e dados de reivindicações e internação. Além disso, estimamos a mortalidade específica de idade e sexo LRI que é atribuível aos efeitos independentes de 14 fatores de risco. Descobertas: Globalmente, em 2019, estimamos que houve 257 milhões (intervalo de incerteza de 95% [UI] 240–275) de episódios de incidentes de LRI em homens e 232 milhões (217–248) em mulheres. No mesmo ano, os LRIs foram responsáveis ​​por 1,30 milhões (95% UI 1,18–1,42) mortes masculinas e 1,20 milhões (1,07–1,33) mortes femininas. As taxas de incidência e mortalidade padronizadas por idade foram 1,17 vezes (95% UI 1,16–1,18) e 1,31 vezes (95% UI 1,23–1,41) maiores em homens do que em mulheres em 2019. Entre 1990 e 2019, as taxas de incidência e mortalidade de LRI diminuíram em taxas diferentes entre as faixas etárias e um aumento nos episódios de LRI e mortes foi estimado entre todas as faixas etárias adultas, com homens com 70 anos ou mais tendo o maior aumento em episódios de LRI (126,0% [95% UI 121,4–131,1]) e mortes (100,0% [83,4–115,9]). Durante o mesmo período, os episódios de LRI e mortes em crianças menores de 15 anos foram estimados como diminuídos, e o maior declínio foi observado para mortes por LRI em homens menores de 5 anos (–70,7% [–77,2 a –61,8]). Os principais fatores de risco para mortalidade por LRI variaram entre faixas etárias e sexo. Mais da metade das mortes globais por LRI em crianças menores de 5 anos foram atribuídas ao emagrecimento infantil (fração atribuível à população [PAF] 53,0% [95% UI 37,7–61,8] em homens e 56,4% [40,7–65,1] em mulheres), e mais de um quarto das mortes por LRI entre aqueles com idades entre 5 e 14 anos foram atribuídas à poluição do ar doméstico (PAF 26,0% [95% UI 16,6–35,5] para homens e PAF 25,8% [16,3–35,4] para mulheres). PAFs de mortes de homens LRI atribuídas ao tabagismo foram de 20,4% (95% UI 15,4–25,2) em pessoas de 15 a 49 anos, 30,5% (24,1–36,9) em pessoas de 50 a 69 anos e 21,9% (16,8–27,3) em pessoas com 70 anos ou mais. PAFs de mortes de mulheres LRI atribuídas à poluição do ar doméstico foram de 21,1% (95% UI 14,5–27,9) em pessoas de 15 a 49 anos e 18,2% (12,5–24,5) em pessoas de 50 a 69 anos. Para mulheres com 70 anos ou mais, o principal fator de risco, material particulado ambiental, foi responsável por 11,7% (95% UI 8,2–15,8) das mortes por LRI. Interpretação: Os padrões e o progresso na redução da carga de LRIs e os principais fatores de risco para mortalidade variaram entre as faixas etárias e os sexos. O progresso observado em crianças menores de 5 anos foi claramente resultado de intervenções direcionadas, como vacinação e redução da exposição a fatores de risco. Intervenções semelhantes para outras faixas etárias poderiam contribuir para a realização de várias metas dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, incluindo a promoção do bem-estar em todas as idades e a redução das desigualdades em saúde. Intervenções, incluindo o enfrentamento de fatores de risco como emagrecimento infantil, tabagismo, poluição por material particulado ambiental e poluição do ar doméstico, evitariam mortes e reduziriam as disparidades em saúde
dc.format.mimetypepdf
dc.identifier.issn14733099
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/1843/76648
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherUniversidade Federal de Minas Gerais
dc.relation.ispartofThe Lancet Infectious Diseases
dc.rightsAcesso Aberto
dc.subjectInfecções Respiratórias
dc.subjectAvaliação de Riscos de Saúde
dc.subjectGrupos Etários
dc.subjectGênero e Saúde
dc.subject.otherRespiratory infections
dc.subject.otherHealth risk assessment
dc.subject.otherGender and Health
dc.subject.otherAge Groups
dc.titleAge–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990–2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
dc.title.alternativeDiferenças entre idade e sexo na carga global de infecções respiratórias inferiores e fatores de risco, 1990–2019: resultados do Estudo da Carga Global de Doenças de 2019
dc.typeArtigo de periódico
local.citation.issue11
local.citation.volume22
local.description.resumoBackground: The global burden of lower respiratory infections (LRIs) and corresponding risk factors in children older than 5 years and adults has not been studied as comprehensively as it has been in children younger than 5 years. We assessed the burden and trends of LRIs and risk factors across all age groups by sex, for 204 countries and territories. Methods: In this analysis of data for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we used clinician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis as our case definition for LRIs. We included International Classification of Diseases 9th edition codes 079.6, 466–469, 470.0, 480–482.8, 483.0–483.9, 484.1–484.2, 484.6–484.7, and 487–489 and International Classification of Diseases 10th edition codes A48.1, A70, B97.4–B97.6, J09–J15.8, J16–J16.9, J20–J21.9, J91.0, P23.0–P23.4, and U04–U04.9. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse 23 109 site-years of vital registration data, 825 site-years of sample vital registration data, 1766 site-years of verbal autopsy data, and 681 site-years of mortality surveillance data. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian metaregression tool, to analyse age–sex-specific incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews of the literature, population-based survey data, and claims and inpatient data. Additionally, we estimated age–sex-specific LRI mortality that is attributable to the independent effects of 14 risk factors. Findings: Globally, in 2019, we estimated that there were 257 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 240–275) LRI incident episodes in males and 232 million (217–248) in females. In the same year, LRIs accounted for 1·30 million (95% UI 1·18–1·42) male deaths and 1·20 million (1·07–1·33) female deaths. Age-standardised incidence and mortality rates were 1·17 times (95% UI 1·16–1·18) and 1·31 times (95% UI 1·23–1·41) greater in males than in females in 2019. Between 1990 and 2019, LRI incidence and mortality rates declined at different rates across age groups and an increase in LRI episodes and deaths was estimated among all adult age groups, with males aged 70 years and older having the highest increase in LRI episodes (126·0% [95% UI 121·4–131·1]) and deaths (100·0% [83·4–115·9]). During the same period, LRI episodes and deaths in children younger than 15 years were estimated to have decreased, and the greatest decline was observed for LRI deaths in males younger than 5 years (–70·7% [–77·2 to –61·8]). The leading risk factors for LRI mortality varied across age groups and sex. More than half of global LRI deaths in children younger than 5 years were attributable to child wasting (population attributable fraction [PAF] 53·0% [95% UI 37·7–61·8] in males and 56·4% [40·7–65·1] in females), and more than a quarter of LRI deaths among those aged 5–14 years were attributable to household air pollution (PAF 26·0% [95% UI 16·6–35·5] for males and PAF 25·8% [16·3–35·4] for females). PAFs of male LRI deaths attributed to smoking were 20·4% (95% UI 15·4–25·2) in those aged 15–49 years, 30·5% (24·1–36·9) in those aged 50–69 years, and 21·9% (16·8–27·3) in those aged 70 years and older. PAFs of female LRI deaths attributed to household air pollution were 21·1% (95% UI 14·5–27·9) in those aged 15–49 years and 18·2% (12·5–24·5) in those aged 50–69 years. For females aged 70 years and older, the leading risk factor, ambient particulate matter, was responsible for 11·7% (95% UI 8·2–15·8) of LRI deaths. Interpretation: The patterns and progress in reducing the burden of LRIs and key risk factors for mortality varied across age groups and sexes. The progress seen in children younger than 5 years was clearly a result of targeted interventions, such as vaccination and reduction of exposure to risk factors. Similar interventions for other age groups could contribute to the achievement of multiple Sustainable Development Goals targets, including promoting wellbeing at all ages and reducing health inequalities. Interventions, including addressing risk factors such as child wasting, smoking, ambient particulate matter pollution, and household air pollution, would prevent deaths and reduce health disparities
local.publisher.countryBrasil
local.publisher.departmentMEDICINA - FACULDADE DE MEDICINA
local.publisher.initialsUFMG
local.url.externahttps://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/piis1473-3099(22)00510-2/fulltext

Arquivos

Pacote original

Agora exibindo 1 - 1 de 1
Imagem de Miniatura
Nome:
Age–sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory.pdfA.pdf
Tamanho:
710.13 KB
Formato:
Adobe Portable Document Format
Baixar

Licença do pacote

Agora exibindo 1 - 1 de 1
Imagem de Miniatura
Nome:
License.txt
Tamanho:
1.99 KB
Formato:
Plain Text
Descrição:
Baixar

Coleções

Artigo de Periódico

Logo UFMG